Scale invariant relationship between rainfall kinetic energy and intensity in Paris region: An evaluation using universal multifractal framework

Optical Precipitation Gauge in the Rainfall Kinetic Energy Measurements

“…Due to the fact that these parameters, as a rule, are not measured during research, it is necessary to focus on more accessible rain parameters. In particular, empirical dependences between the kinetic energy (E) of precipitation and its intensity (I) are used in a number of works [5,[17][18][19][20][21]. It should be noted that the rainfall kinetic energy can be represented in two forms [24]: kinetic energy E mm [J m -2 mm -1 ] delivered per unit of soil surface during 1 mm precipitation; kinetic energy E t [J m -2 min -1 ] delivered by drops per unit of the underlying surface per unit of time (in minutes).…”

“…Although the rain duration is usually measured in minutes or hours, the amount of soil washed away can reach tens of tons per hectare [4]. In addition, the erosive transfer of soil can provoke floods due to siltation of riverbeds [5]. Therefore, soil erosion is a global problem, so serious that, for example, in the USA in 1930 it was declared as a national threat (national menace), which was a consequence of the development and cultivation of new agricultural land in the XIX and early XX centuries [4].…”

“…A large number of studies conducted around the world in regions with different climatic conditions and precipitation regimes have been devoted to solving this problem [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Also, the assessment of rain kinetic energy is important for understanding the mechanisms and mitigating the effects of erosion of the leading edge of wind turbine blades [5,22,23].…”

“…For example, an accurate assessment of the kinetic energy of precipitation is important for understanding the mechanisms and mitigating the effects of leading-edge erosion (LEE) of wind turbine blades [5]. Erosion damages reduce the aerodynamic characteristics of the blades, which leads to a decrease in annual electricity generation and an increase in the downtime of turbines for repair [22].…”

“…Although LEE is influenced by a number of atmospheric phenomena, the speed of raindrops and the total amount of precipitation are recognized as one of the main external factors of erosion [23]. Taking into account the rapid growth of wind energy, which provides a sustainable, renewable and environmentally friendly energy source, the most accurate determination of the kinetic energy of precipitation is important for quantifying the LEE of blades in wind turbines, especially for regions where the rainy seasons make up a significant part of the year [5].…”