Scale formation in reverse osmosis desalination: model development

Organic fouling behavior in direct contact membrane distillation

“…Meanwhile, the permeate flux was expressed as a function of feed volume concentrate factor (VCF). The VCF factor is defined as the ratio of feed volume (L f ) to concentrate volume (L c ), representing the extent of volume concentration of feed as defined by other papers [28,29].…”

Interaction of humic substances on fouling in membrane distillation for seawater desalination

“…In this study the distillate flux was expressed as a function of feed volume concentrate factor (VCF). The VCF factor is defined as the ratio of initial feed volume (L f , 0 ) to concentrate feed volume (L c ), representing the extent of volume concentration of feed, VCF = L f, 0 /L c [27,31].…”

Pilot study of seawater nanofiltration softening technology based on integrated membrane system

“…For the 1st stage, the permeate flux was approximately linear within the operating pressure range of 2.0 to 4.0 MPa, and the deviation from linear relationship grew very slightly with the increase of the operating pressure. This can be illustrated from the non-equivalent thermodynamics theory [37], as described by Eqs. (4) and (5):…”