Scalar-linear increases in perceived exertion are dissociated from residual physiological responses during sprint-distance triathlon

Taylor, Daniel; Smith, Mark F.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.031

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Furthermore, physiological and perceptual measures appeared largely disassociated throughout all trials, consistent with previous nondeceptive research of triathlon running [20]. Thus, by manipulating performance expectations or beliefs, deceptively aggressive pacing interventions appear to improve performance by modifying athletes' perceptions of differing exercise intensities and levels of physiological strain.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…As such, respiratory and metabolic disturbances have been proposed as key factor in the selection and maintenance of optimum pace during triathlon running [20], particularly when following the imposition of initially aggressive pacing strategies [2]. However, our findings suggest that physiological disturbances may only be indirectly related to, rather than a direct cause of, self-selected exercise intensity.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…To our knowledge, the effect of belief manipulation on performance, physiological and perceptual responses, and pacing, is yet to be examined during self-paced multi-disciplinary endurance events such as triathlon, whereby residual fatigue across consecutive disciplines can have a unique and detrimental effect on pace regulation [20]. This is despite a number of studies highlighting the importance of pacing strategies adopted by triathletes, particularly during the running phase of competition which has a greater influence on success compared to the preceding swim and cycle [21][22][23].…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methods outlined by Sultana et al [24] were subsequently used to establish V O 2peak . During their second session participants completed a field-based sprint-distance triathlon (750 m swim, 20 km cycle and 5 km run) to establish baseline performance within each discipline, utilising the same course and measurement methods as described previously [20]. The third preliminary session familiarised participants with the protocol and measurement methods of subsequent experimental trials, with each individual completing a practice simulated triathlon session (750 m swim, 10 km bike, 2.5 km run).…”

Section: Procedures and Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This would therefore allow a worthwhile change in performance to be imposed, whilst also minimising the likelihood of participants noticing the manipulation of running speed between trials. The imposition of speed during the first 1.66 km of the run was deemed appropriate as this period appears to be particularly important in the evolution of pacing strategy during sprint-distance triathlon [20] and standalone 5 km road races [27]. Furthermore, the time required to complete this initial distance corresponded to the 6-8 minute period of specific physiological adaptation experienced by competitive triathletes during the cycle to run transition [28].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Effects of deceptive running speed on physiology, perceptual responses, and performance during sprint-distance triathlon

Taylor

Smith

2014

Physiology & Behavior

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: This study examined the effects of speed deception on performance, physiological and perceptual responses, and pacing during sprint-distance triathlon running. Methods: Eight competitive triathletes completed three simulated sprint-distance triathlons (0.75 km swim, 20 km bike, 5 km run) in a randomised order, with swimming and cycling sections replicating baseline triathlon performance. During the first 1.66 km of the run participants maintained an imposed speed, completing the remaining 3.33 km as quickly as possible. Although participants were informed that initially prescribed running speed would reflect baseline performance, this was true during only one trial (Tri-Run 100% ). As such, other trials were either 3% faster (Tri-Run 103% ), or 3% slower (Tri-Run 97% ) than baseline during this initial period. Results: Performance during Tri-Run 103% (1346 ± 108 s) was likely faster than TriRun 97% (1371 ± 108 s), and possibly faster than Tri-Run 100% (1360 ± 125 s), with these differences likely to be competitively meaningful. The first 1.66 km of Tri-Run 103% induced greater physiological strain compared to other conditions, whilst perceptual responses were not significantly different between trials. Conclusions: It appears that even during 'all-out' triathlon running, athletes maintain some form of 'reserve' capacity which can be accessed by deception. This suggests that expectations and beliefs have a practically meaningful effect on pacing and performance during triathlon, although it is apparent that an individual's conscious intentions are secondary to the brains sensitivity to potentially harmful levels of physiological and perceptual strain.

show abstract

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Procedures and Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effects of deceptive running speed on physiology, perceptual responses, and performance during sprint-distance triathlon

Taylor

Smith

2014

Physiology & Behavior

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Investigating the relationship between cognitions, pacing strategies and performance in 16.1 km cycling time trials using a think aloud protocol

Whitehead

Jones

Williams

et al. 2018

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives Three studies involved the investigation of concurrent cognitive processes and pacing behaviour during a 16.1km cycling time trial (TT) using a novel Think Aloud (TA) protocol. Study 1 examined trained cyclist's cognitions over time whilst performing a real-life 16.1km time trial (TT), using TA protocol. Study 2, included both trained and untrained participants who performed a 16.1 km TT in a laboratory whilst using TA. Study 3 investigated participants' experiences of using TA during a TT performance. Method: Study 1 involved 10 trained cyclists performing a real life 16.1km TT. Study 2 included 10 trained and 10 untrained participants who performed a laboratory-based 16.1km TT. In both studies, all participants were asked to TA. Time, power output, speed and heart rate were measured. Verbalisations were coded into the following themes (i) internal sensory monitoring, (ii) active self-regulation, (iii) outward monitoring (iv) distraction. Cognitions and pacing strategies were compared between groups and across the duration of the TT. In study 3 all participants were interviewed post TT to explore perceptions of using TA. Results: Study 1 and 2 found cognitions and pacing changed throughout the TT. Active self-regulation was verbalised most frequently. Differences were found between laboratory and field verbalisations and trained and untrained participants. Study 3 provided support for the use of TA in endurance research. Recommendations were provided for future application. Conclusion: Through the use of TA this study has been able to contribute to the pacing and cycling literature and to the understanding of endurance athletes' cognitions.

show abstract

An investigation of expertise in cycling: Eye tracking, Think Aloud and the influence of a competitor

Massey

Whitehead

Marchant

et al. 2020

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: Two studies investigated expert-novice differences in information-seeking behaviour, cognitions and performance during cycling time trials (TT). Study 1 examined trained and novice cyclist's cognitions whilst performing a TT, using a Think Aloud (TA) protocol and eye-tracking techniques. Study 2 investigated expertise differences during alone and competitive TTs. Methods: in Study 1, six trained and seven novice cyclists performed a 16.1 km TT. In Study 2, eight trained and ten novice cyclists performed three 16.1 km TTs; a baseline TT, an alone TT and a trial against a virtual competitor. In both studies, participants were asked to TA and in Study 1 they also wore mobile gazetracking glasses. Performance feedback and a simulated TT course were visually displayed during all trials, as was a virtual avatar during the competitor trial. Verbalisations were coded into primary and secondary themes. Cognitions and pacing strategies were compared between groups and across the duration of the TTs. In Study 1, eye-tracking data for total dwell time and gaze frequency were calculated for each area of interest (Time Elapsed, Power, Heart Rate, Cadence, Distance Covered, Speed and Course Scenery). Results: In Study 1, no significant differences were found in informationseeking behaviour between groups, however there were expertise differences in the cognitive strategies used. Trained cyclists' verbalisations were more performance-relevant (i.e., power output), whereas the untrained group were more focused on task completion (i.e., distance and time) and irrelevant information. Both groups talked more about distance and motivational thoughts in the later stages of the trial, and dwell time on distance feedback also increased in this final 4 km. In Study 2, the trained group performed faster than the untrained group but there were no significant differences in pace or performance between alone and competitive TTs for either group. Differences in cognitions were found between groups and across the TT duration. Conclusion: Both studies demonstrate that cognitive processes differ as a function of expertise during self-paced cycling time trials. There were Expertise differences in cognitions, gaze behaviour and cycling performance no differences in information-seeking behaviour between trained and untrained cyclists and there was no effect of an opponent on pace or performance.

show abstract

Scalar-linear increases in perceived exertion are dissociated from residual physiological responses during sprint-distance triathlon

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of deceptive running speed on physiology, perceptual responses, and performance during sprint-distance triathlon

Effects of deceptive running speed on physiology, perceptual responses, and performance during sprint-distance triathlon

Investigating the relationship between cognitions, pacing strategies and performance in 16.1 km cycling time trials using a think aloud protocol

An investigation of expertise in cycling: Eye tracking, Think Aloud and the influence of a competitor

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About