Scalable Synthesis of Nano-Silicon from Beach Sand for Long Cycle Life Li-ion Batteries

Favors, Zachary; Wang, Wei; Bay, Hamed Hosseini; Mutlu, Zafer; Ahmed, Kazi; Liu, Chueh; Ozkan, Mihrimah; Ozkan, Cengiz S.

doi:10.1038/srep05623

Cited by 190 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The CV profiles of Si/GS/C-S@Gr show an activation process over the first few cycles, as indicated by an increase in the CV peak intensity due to kinetic enhancement in the electrode. 45,46 Cathodic CV peaks due to lithiation of both Si and graphite developed at around 0.15 V, with humps at around 0.1 and 0.2 V, for Si/GS/C-S@Gr, whereas they appeared at around 0.17 V in the weight-averaged CV profiles. Distinct anodic CV peaks due to delithiation of Li x Si 15 developed at 0.50 V for Si/GS/C-S@Gr, whereas the corresponding peaks appeared at around 0.53 V in the weight-averaged CV profile and in the CV profile of Si/GS/C-S.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Performance Li-Ion Battery Anodes Based on Silicon-Graphene Self-Assemblies

Kim

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A series of Si/graphene sheet/carbon (Si/GS/C) composites was prepared by electrostatic self-assembly between amine-grafted silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) and graphene oxide (GO). The Si/GS derived from carbonization of Si/GO assemblies showed limited cycling stability owing to loose cohesion between SiNPs and graphene, and increased impedances during cycling. To counteract the cycling instability of Si/GS, an additional carbon-gel coating was applied to the Si/GO assemblies in situ in solution followed by carbonization to yield dense three-dimensional particulate Si/GS/C composite with many internal voids. The obtained Si/GS/C composites showed much better electrochemical performances than the Si/GS owing to enhanced cohesion between the SiNPs and the carbon structures, which reduced the impedance buildup and protected the SiNPs from direct exposure to the electrolyte. A strategy for practical use of a high-capacity Si/GS/C composite was also demonstrated using a hybrid composite prepared by mixing it with commercial graphite. The hybrid composite electrode showed specific and volumetric capacities that were 200% and 12% larger, respectively, than those of graphite, excellent cycling stability, and CEs (>99.7%) exceeding those of graphite. Hence, electrostatic self-assembly of SiNPs and GO followed by in situ carbon coating can produce reliable, high-performance anodes for high-energy LIBs. Energy storage via rechargeable batteries will play an increasingly important role in the future not only to power advanced mobile electronic devices, power tools, sensors for internet-of-things devices, medical implants, military and aerospace devices, drones, e-bikes, many electrified vehicles, and so on, but also to store energy from intermittent renewable resources (solar and wind power) and for back-up energy supplies for smart electric grids.1-3 Among many rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) offer the highest energy density to date and reasonably long cycle life and power capability. [4][5][6] Nonetheless, the demands for high-energy LIBs are increasing, especially the demand for electric vehicles to carry sufficient energy comparable to that of internal combustion vehicles. 1,2,[7][8][9] To further enhance the energy content of an LIB, electrode materials capable of delivering high capacity at a high working voltage (a higher-potential cathode coupled with a lower-potential anode vs. Li/Li + ) have to be incorporated, and the cell design has to be optimized to maximize the packing density. Noticeable progress has been made on the cathode side recently by optimizing the composition and structure of Ni-rich LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 10,11 and Li-rich layered oxide 12,13 cathodes, which has resulted in LIBs with a much higher energy content. On the other hand, all LIB anodes are still made of graphite, whose theoretical capacity (372 mAh g −1 ) has been achieved since its first introduction in 1991. Therefore, a breakthrough in terms of the energy density of LIBs would require adoption of new anodes having a m...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Performance Li-Ion Battery Anodes Based on Silicon-Graphene Self-Assemblies

Kim

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Traditionally, silicon nanostructures are fabricated either from top-down (chemical etching) or bottom-up (CVD) method, which typically involve either toxic silane precursors or expensive high purity silicon sources. Recently, it is found that various low grade silicon [7,48,88,89,90] and natural sources [91][92][93][94][95][96] can serve as cost-effective sources to produce nanostructured silicon for lithium-ion battery.…”

Section: Low Raw Materials Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Recent Progress in the Development of Si Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Battery

Jin

Zhu

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

745

580

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Silicon, because of its high specific capacity, is intensively pursued as one of the most promising anode material for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. In the past decade, various nanostructures are successfully demonstrated to address major challenges for reversible Si anodes related to pulverization and solid‐electrolyte interphase. However, the electrochemical performance is still limited by challenges that stem from the use of nanomaterials. In this progress report, the focus is on the challenges and recent progress in the development of Si anodes for lithium‐ion battery, including initial Coulombic efficiency, areal capacity, and material cost, which call for more research effort and provide a bright prospect for the widespread applications of silicon anodes in the future lithium‐ion batteries.

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“…60 Favors et al employed beach sand as the silica precursor to produce silicon-based anode materials via a magnesiothermic reduction method (Figure 4a and 4b). 70 The as-prepared sample has high phase purity and good crystallinity.…”

Section: Sandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Si-containing precursors for Si-based anode materials of Li-ion batteries: A review

Zhang

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2016

Energy Storage Materials

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Lithium-ion batteries with high energy density are in demand for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale stationary energy storage. Si is one of the most promising anode materials due to its extremely high specific capacity. However, the full application of Si-based anode materials is limited by poor cycle life and rate capability resulted from low ionic/electronic conductivity and large volume change over cycling. In recent years, great progress has been made in improving the performance of Si anodes by employing nanotechnology. The preparation methods are essentially important, in which the precursors used are crucial to design and control the microstructure for the Si-based materials. In this review, we provide comprehensive summary and comment on different Si-containing precursors for preparation of nanosized Si-based anode materials and focus on the corresponding electrochemical performances in lithium-ion batteries. Bulk sized silicon, silicon wafer and silicon microparticles are generally used as starting materials to synthesize porous or nanosized silicon, and the routes for the synthesis are rather mature and commercially available. Silica is also commonly used to form silicon by conversion through a facile magnesiothermic reduction. Silica derivation from natural resources, especially from rice husks, is much more sustainable and lower cost than alternative methods, which attracts considerable research attention. In addition, gaseous Si-based sources like SiH4, Si2H6 and SiHxCly, liquid silicon sources like trisilane and phenylsilane and elemental silicon have successfully used to prepare nanosized or carbon-coated silicon. Further considerations on massive production possibility have also been presented. Si-Containing Precursors for Si-Based Anode Materials of Li-Ion Batteries AbstractLithium-ion batteries with high energy density and large power output are in demand for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale stationary energy storage. Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials because it has 10 times higher specific capacity than that of the commercial graphitic carbon anode. Unfortunately, the practical utilization of silicon-based anode materials is still hindered by its low electronic conductivity and high capacity fading rate due to the large volume changes upon insertion and extraction of Li ions during cycling. Introducing porous structure, along with decreasing the dimension of Si-based materials to nanosize, is an effective way to address these problems. During the past decade, tremendous attention has been paid to improve Si anodes so as to give them better electrochemical performance. In this review, we focus the Si-containing precursors for preparation of Si-based anode materials.3

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Scalable Synthesis of Nano-Silicon from Beach Sand for Long Cycle Life Li-ion Batteries

Cited by 190 publications

References 32 publications

High-Performance Li-Ion Battery Anodes Based on Silicon-Graphene Self-Assemblies

High-Performance Li-Ion Battery Anodes Based on Silicon-Graphene Self-Assemblies

Challenges and Recent Progress in the Development of Si Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Battery

Si-containing precursors for Si-based anode materials of Li-ion batteries: A review

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