Abstract:Hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis
offers a convenient solution
to activate safe and economical metal alkali fluorides for enantioselective
nucleophilic fluorination. Herein, we demonstrate the scalability
of this protocol with the fluorination of 200 g of racemic trans-N,N-dibenzyl-2-bromocyclohexan-1-amine
in a mechanically stirred 1 L glass reactor using 0.5 mol % of a bis-urea
organocatalyst. In these experiments, full conversions were obtained
for high mixing intensities (impeller average shear rat… Show more
“…This metal-free organocatalyzed asymmetric fluorination has been successfully applied to the synthesis of a trans-2fluorocyclohexan-1-amine motif that is featured in several bioactive pharmaceutical molecules. 185 As shown in Scheme 60a, the enantioselective fluorination of racemic trans-N,Ndibenzyl-2-bromocyclohexan-1-amine 279 with CsF proceeded smoothly in the presence of N-alkyl bis-urea C34. The reaction gave β-fluoroamine [(R,R)-N,N-dibenzyl-2-fluorocyclohexan-1amine] 280 in 95% yield and 63% ee.…”
The
proportion of approved chiral drugs and drug candidates
under
medical studies has surged dramatically over the past two decades.
As a consequence, the efficient synthesis of enantiopure pharmaceuticals
or their synthetic intermediates poses a profound challenge to medicinal
and process chemists. The significant advancement in asymmetric catalysis
has provided an effective and reliable solution to this challenge.
The successful application of transition metal catalysis, organocatalysis,
and biocatalysis to the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries has
promoted drug discovery by efficient and precise preparation of enantio-enriched
therapeutic agents, and facilitated the industrial production of active
pharmaceutical ingredient in an economic and environmentally friendly
fashion. The present review summarizes the most recent applications
(2008–2022) of asymmetric catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry
ranging from process scales to pilot and industrial levels. It also
showcases the latest achievements and trends in the asymmetric synthesis
of therapeutic agents with state of the art technologies of asymmetric
catalysis.
“…This metal-free organocatalyzed asymmetric fluorination has been successfully applied to the synthesis of a trans-2fluorocyclohexan-1-amine motif that is featured in several bioactive pharmaceutical molecules. 185 As shown in Scheme 60a, the enantioselective fluorination of racemic trans-N,Ndibenzyl-2-bromocyclohexan-1-amine 279 with CsF proceeded smoothly in the presence of N-alkyl bis-urea C34. The reaction gave β-fluoroamine [(R,R)-N,N-dibenzyl-2-fluorocyclohexan-1amine] 280 in 95% yield and 63% ee.…”
The
proportion of approved chiral drugs and drug candidates
under
medical studies has surged dramatically over the past two decades.
As a consequence, the efficient synthesis of enantiopure pharmaceuticals
or their synthetic intermediates poses a profound challenge to medicinal
and process chemists. The significant advancement in asymmetric catalysis
has provided an effective and reliable solution to this challenge.
The successful application of transition metal catalysis, organocatalysis,
and biocatalysis to the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries has
promoted drug discovery by efficient and precise preparation of enantio-enriched
therapeutic agents, and facilitated the industrial production of active
pharmaceutical ingredient in an economic and environmentally friendly
fashion. The present review summarizes the most recent applications
(2008–2022) of asymmetric catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry
ranging from process scales to pilot and industrial levels. It also
showcases the latest achievements and trends in the asymmetric synthesis
of therapeutic agents with state of the art technologies of asymmetric
catalysis.
“…Furthermore, the protocol did not require dry conditions or pre-treatment of KF. We also developed a protocol to synthesize decagram quantities (>30 g) of bis-urea ( S )- 33b and ( S )- 33c , and subsequently employed the latter in the 200 g scale fluorination of 35f (this time with CsF) in a mechanical stirred 1 L glass reactor (Scheme C) . This substrate was selected because the corresponding deprotected β-fluoroamine is a valuable building block in drug discovery .…”
Section: Fluorination Via Solid–liquid
Phase-transfer: Hydrogen
Bondi...mentioning
Phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) is
one of the most powerful catalytic
manifolds for asymmetric synthesis. Chiral cationic or anionic PTC
strategies have enabled a variety of transformations, yet studies
on the use of insoluble inorganic salts as nucleophiles for the synthesis
of enantioenriched molecules have remained elusive. A long-standing
challenge is the development of methods for asymmetric carbon–fluorine
bond formation from readily available and cost-effective alkali metal
fluorides. In this Perspective, we describe how H-bond donors can
provide a solution through fluoride binding. We use examples, primarily
from our own research, to discuss how hydrogen bonding interactions
impact fluoride reactivity and the role of H-bond donors as phase-transfer
catalysts to bring solid-phase alkali metal fluorides in solution.
These studies led to hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis (HB-PTC),
a new concept in PTC, originally crafted for alkali metal fluorides
but offering opportunities beyond enantioselective fluorination.
Looking ahead, the unlimited options that one can consider to diversify
the H-bond donor, the inorganic salt, and the electrophile, herald
a new era in phase-transfer catalysis. Whether abundant inorganic
salts of lattice energy significantly higher than those studied to
date could be considered as nucleophiles, e.g., CaF
2
, remains
an open question, with solutions that may be found through synergistic
PTC catalysis or beyond PTC.
“…In 2019, Gouverneur and co‐authors reported asymmetric synthesis of fluorinated dibenzylamines 86 involving the use of chiral hydrogen bonding phase‐transfer catalyst 85 (Scheme 30). [77] Albeit the method had moderate enantioselectivity, it could be used at up to 200 g (0.5 mol % of 85 , CsF as the fluoride source, n=2) since the er value of the product could be improved to 98 : 2 after a single recrystallization [78] …”
Section: Synthesis Of Monofluorinated Cycloalkyl Building Blocksmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[77] Albeit the method had moderate enantioselectivity, it could be used at up to 200 g (0.5 mol % of 85, CsF as the fluoride source, n = 2) since the er value of the product could be improved to 98 : 2 after a single recrystallization. [78] Obviously, the reaction mechanism involved the formation of symmetric bicyclic aziridinium intermediates (see also below).…”
Section: Synthesis Of β-Fluorinated Cycloalkyl Building Blocksmentioning
The review covers various aspects of fluorinated cycloalkyl (C3−C7) building blocks for drug discovery, including their synthesis, key physicochemical properties, and biological and medicinal applications of their derivatives. The discussed synthetic methods include classical nucleophilic fluorinations of various substrates, the addition of fluorine and another heteroatom to double bonds, cycloadditions and other transformations of fluorine‐containing substrates, as well as some newer reactions like fluorination of non‐activated and remotely activated C−H bonds, decarboxylative and deborylative fluorinations, etc. The known data on the effect of introducing the fluorinated cycloalkyl groups on the compound's key in vitro parameters (such as acidity/basicity, lipophilicity, conformational behavior, and short contact capabilities) are surveyed. Finally, applications of fluorinated cycloalkyl building block derivatives in the design of biologically active compounds (including marketed drugs Maraviroc, Ivosidenib, and Sitafloxacin) are covered, with a focus on the fluorination impact.
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