“…The anodising variables that influence the characteristics of the oxide layer are: (i) process parameters i.e. applied voltage, current density, anodising time, ultrasonic and stirring effect, bath temperature, types and concentration of electrolytes; (ii) alloying elements of titanium substrate; (iii) pre- and/or post-treatment such as acid/alkaline treatment [ 45 , 82 ], hydrothermal [ 83 , 84 , 85 ], heat [ 86 , 87 , 88 ], ultraviolet irradiation or photocatalytic [ 18 , 87 ], ultrasonic [ 50 , 89 ], microwave [ 44 , 90 ] also two-step oxidation [ 91 , 93 ].…”