Scalable fabrication of heteroatom-doped versatile hierarchical porous carbons with an all-in-one phthalonitrile precursor and their applications

Chi²,

et al. 2020

Adv Elect Materials

conductivity, abundant morphology, large surface area, and tunable surface properties, porous carbons have been widely used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. [6-9] Various porous carbons have been fabricated from the green precursor of biomass, which exhibits outstanding performance in supercapacitors. Theoretically, the specific capacitance of a supercapacitor depends on the specific surface area of the carbonaceous electrode materials. The larger the surface area, the more the charge accumulated on the interface between the electrode and electrolyte distributions. [2,10,11] Up to now, massive works have been performed to activate the electrode materials to obtain a higher specific surface area. Unfortunately, most of them used some strong corrosive etchants, such as KOH, NaOH, HNO 3 , and H 3 BO 3. [12-25] Recently, Zinc chloride (ZnCl 2) has been widely used to activate the carbon materials to prepare electrode materials with larger specific surface area and proper pore size distribution for high-performance supercapacitors. [24,26-30] It can give higher carbon yield through a dehydrating process allowing more carbon to remain in the structure. [26,27] However, these traditional activation methods can improve the specific surface area of carbon materials at the cost of graphitization. [31] It is known that the electrical conductivity is vital to the electrochemical performance, especially for the rate capability in supercapacitors, which can be improved by increasing the graphitization degree of carbons. [32,33] Cobalt (Co) catalytic graphitization is an effective method to improve the graphitization of carbon materials. Jiang et al. used cobalt nitrate as the graphitization catalyst to synthesize partially graphitized ginkgo-based activated carbons showing a high performance of 178 F g −1 at a scan rate of 500 mV s −1. [32] Chang et al. reported a method of Co 2+ catalyzed graphitization and KOH activation, by which an interconnected nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon with small mesopore size (2-4 nm) and high microporosity (86.8%) was synthesized from the biomass of Firmiana simplex fluff and exhibited an ultrahigh capacitance in supercapacitors. [34] It shows great advantages over the high-temperature treatment with high energy consumption and the related reduction of the surface area. Biomass is a kind of naturally abundant and costeffective precursors to prepare porous carbon materials for The high specific surface area and the fine electrical conductivity are the vital impacts, but they are always a pair of mutually counterbalancing factors in carbon-based supercapacitors. Herein, a facile strategy of the combined CoCl 2 catalytic graphitization and ZnCl 2 activation is applied to synthesize porous carbonaceous materials with enriched nitrogen and oxygen doping from a cheap and abundant biowaste of peanut shells. The as-produced carbon materials possess high surface area (1745-2257 m 2 g −1), naturally nitrogen/ oxygen co-doping, and hierarchical porous structure. These physicochemical p...

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equations (5) and (6) are served as the formula to evaluate the energy and power density, respectively:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nitrogen/Oxygen Enriched Hierarchical Porous Carbons Derived from Waste Peanut Shells Boosting Performance of Supercapacitors

Chi²,

et al. 2020

Adv Elect Materials

“…For example, Weng et al 84 directly blended phthalonitrile precursor 1,3-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)benzene (DPPH, 1 g) with urea (1 g) and KOH (1 g), and then annealed it in a crucible at high temperatures (550, 650 and 800 °C, respectively) for 2 h to promote its polymerization and further carbonization, labelled as DNK@550, DNK@650 and DNK@800, separately, according to the processing temperature. As an electrode material for supercapacitor, this material disclosed a very high specific surface area (2194 m 2 g −1 ) and a specific capacitance of up to 487 F g −1 (estimated from eqn (8) and the galvanostatic charge–discharge curves shown in Fig.…”

Section: Electronic Applications Of Phthalonitrile Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of high-performance phthalonitrile resins: fabrication and electronic applications

Gao

et al. 2022

J. Mater. Chem. C

Energy & Environ Materials

High‐Performance and Flexible Co‐Planar Integrated Microsystem of Carbon‐Based All‐Solid‐State Micro‐Supercapacitor and Real‐Time Temperature Sensor

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2022

Self Cite

With the rapid development of flexible and portable microelectronics, the extreme demand for miniaturized, mechanically flexible, and integrated microsystems are strongly stimulated. Here, biomass‐derived carbons (BDCs) are prepared by KOH activation using Qamgur precursor, exhibiting three‐dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous structure. Benefiting from unobstructed 3D hierarchical porous structure, BDCs provide an excellent specific capacitance of 433 F g−1 and prominent cyclability without capacitance degradation after 50 000 cycles at 50 A g−1. Furthermore, BDC‐based planar micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) without metal collector, prepared by mask‐assisted coating, exhibit outstanding areal‐specific capacitance of 84 mF cm−2 and areal energy density of 10.6 μWh cm−2, exceeding most of the previous carbon‐based MSCs. Impressively, the MSCs disclose extraordinary flexibility with capacitance retention of almost 100% under extreme bending state. More importantly, a flexible planar integrated system composed of the MSC and temperature sensor is assembled to efficiently monitor the temperature variation, providing a feasible route for flexible MSC‐based functional micro‐devices.