Scalable Fabrication of Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules on Flexible Glass Substrates

Dai, Xuezeng; Deng, Yehao; Brackle, Charles H. Van; Chen, Shangshang; Rudd, Peter N.; Xiao, Xun; Lin, Yun; Chen, Bin; Huang, Jinsong

doi:10.1002/aenm.201903108

Cited by 198 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…The small, positive shift in I 3d and N 1s binding energies can possibly indicate hydrogen bond formation between NH 4 + and [PbI 6 ] 4− /[SnI 6 ] 4− moieties. [ 51,52 ] The NH 4 SCN treatment also results in an increase of the I/(Pb + Sn) atomic ratio from 1.97:1 for the pristine perovskite to 2.30:1 for the NH 4 SCN‐treated perovskite films. The NH 4 SCN‐treated perovskite film exhibits a higher photoluminescence intensity than the pristine perovskite (Figure S24, Supporting Information), indicating a reduced nonradiative recombination process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Film Formation Kinetics of Sequential Deposited Narrow‐Bandgap Pb–Sn Hybrid Perovskite Films

Wang

Datta

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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state-of-the-art inorganic photovoltaic (PV) technologies. [4] Developing all-perovskite tandem solar cells with complementary bandgaps is considered as the next step to surpass the Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit for single-junction devices. [5][6][7][8] Solution processability of all components at low-temperature would enhance incentives to explore large-scale implementation of such multi-junction cells. [9] Previous studies [10][11][12] of tandem solar cells have suggested that a combination of a wide-bandgap (1.7 to 1.9 eV) front cell and a narrow-bandgap (0.9 to 1.2 eV) rear cell is ideal for high efficiency multijunctions. Hybrid perovskites AMX 3 , where A is a monovalent cation (formamidinium (FA + ), methylammonium (MA + ) or Cs + ), M is a divalent metal cation (Pb 2+ or Sn 2+ ), and X is a halide anion (I − or Br − ), [13] have a broadly tunable bandgap via compositional engineering. [14] The bandgap of Pb-based perovskites can be continuously tuned from 1.5 to 2.3 eV by substituting I with Br. [15,16] On the other hand, a nonlinear bandgap behavior [17] is observed when alloying Pb (1.5 eV) and Sn-based (1.3 eV) perovskites, providing a minimum bandgap of ≈1.2 eV at 50% to 75% Sncontent. [18][19][20][21] Such mixed Pb-Sn perovskites are considered the most promising narrow-bandgap perovskite materials for tandem devices. [21,22] However, compared to their Pb analogs, Sn-based perovskite precursors have a greater tendency to react and crystallize at room temperature, [23] which makes it difficult to grow compact, smooth, and homogeneous Developing efficient narrow bandgap Pb-Sn hybrid perovskite solar cells with high Sn-content is crucial for perovskite-based tandem devices. Film properties such as crystallinity, morphology, surface roughness, and homogeneity dictate photovoltaic performance. However, compared to Pb-based analogs, controlling the formation of Sn-containing perovskite films is much more challenging. A deeper understanding of the growth mechanisms in Pb-Sn hybrid perovskites is needed to improve power conversion efficiencies. Here, in situ optical spectroscopy is performed during sequential deposition of Pb-Sn hybrid perovskite films and combined with ex situ characterization techniques to reveal the temporal evolution of crystallization in Pb-Sn hybrid perovskite films. Using a twostep deposition method, homogeneous crystallization of mixed Pb-Sn perovskites can be achieved. Solar cells based on the narrow bandgap (1.23 eV) FA 0.66 MA 0.34 Pb 0.5 Sn 0.5 I 3 perovskite absorber exhibit the highest efficiency among mixed Pb-Sn perovskites and feature a relatively low dark carrier density compared to Sn-rich devices. By passivating defect sites on the perovskite surface, the device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 16.1%, which is the highest efficiency reported for sequential solutionprocessed narrow bandgap perovskite solar cells with 50% Sn-content.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Film Formation Kinetics of Sequential Deposited Narrow‐Bandgap Pb–Sn Hybrid Perovskite Films

Wang

Datta

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…[6,7] Bendable and stretchable PSC devices are more practically suited to commercial applications compared to rigid silicon-based solar cells in grid-connected photovoltaics. [8][9][10][11][12][13] However, printable PSCs based on flexible substrates should reproduce the high performance obtained with rigid devices,w hile simultaneously maintaining excellent mechanical bendable and stretchable stabilities. [14][15][16][17][18][19] Challengingly,perovskite films on flexible substrate are naturally brittle and possess poor crystallinity and numerous grain boundaries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretchable Perovskite Solar Cells with Recoverable Performance

et al. 2020

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology for stretchable applications because of their flexible, light‐weight, and low‐cost characteristics. However, the fragility of crystals and poor crystallinity of perovskite on stretchable substrates results in performance loss. In fact, grain boundary defects are the “Achilles’ heel” of optoelectronic and mechanical stability. We incorporate a self‐healing polyurethane (s‐PU) with dynamic oxime–carbamate bonds as a scaffold into the perovskite films, which simultaneously enhances crystallinity and passivates the grain boundary of the perovskite films. The stretchable PSCs with s‐PU deliver a stabilized efficiency of 19.15 % with negligible hysteresis, which is comparable to the performance on rigid substrates. The PSCs can maintain over 90 % of their initial efficiency after 3000 hours in air because of their self‐encapsulating structure. Importantly, the self‐healing function of the s‐PU scaffold was verified in situ. The s‐PU can release mechanical stress and repair cracks at the grain boundary on multiple levels. The devices recover 88 % of their original efficiency after 1000 cycles at 20 % stretch. We believe that this ingenious growth strategy for crystalline semiconductors will facilitate development of flexible and stretchable electronics.

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“…Consequently, the use of tBuOH:EA as antisolvent during the bathing is expected to guarantee a high PCE of PSCs with wide processing window for the R2R process. 11,12,16,22,23,[37][38][39][40] . These coating methods have an advantage of high-throughput deposition of desired layer, but methods require an additional patterning process after deposition.…”

Section: And 4 and Supplementarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Roll-to-roll gravure-printed flexible perovskite solar cells using eco-friendly antisolvent bathing with wide processing window

et al. 2020

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Driven by recent improvements in efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), upscaling of PSCs has come to be regarded as the next step. Specifically, a high-throughput, low-cost roll-to-roll (R2R) processes would be a breakthrough to realize the commercialization of PSCs, with uniform formation of precursor wet film and complete conversion to perovskite phase via R2R-compatible processes necessary to accomplish this goal. Herein, we demonstrate the pilot-scale, fully R2R manufacturing of all the layers except for electrodes in PSCs. Tert-butyl alcohol (tBuOH) is introduced as an eco-friendly antisolvent with a wide processing window. Highly crystalline, uniform formamidinium (FA)-based perovskite formation via tBuOH:EA bathing was confirmed by achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 23.5% for glass-based spin-coated PSCs, and 19.1% for gravure-printed flexible PSCs. As an extended work, R2R gravure-printing and tBuOH:EA bathing resulted in the highest PCE reported for R2R-processed PSCs, 16.7% for PSCs with R2R-processed SnO2/FA-perovskite, and 13.8% for fully R2R-produced PSCs.

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Scalable Fabrication of Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules on Flexible Glass Substrates

Cited by 198 publications

References 26 publications

Understanding the Film Formation Kinetics of Sequential Deposited Narrow‐Bandgap Pb–Sn Hybrid Perovskite Films

Understanding the Film Formation Kinetics of Sequential Deposited Narrow‐Bandgap Pb–Sn Hybrid Perovskite Films

Stretchable Perovskite Solar Cells with Recoverable Performance

Roll-to-roll gravure-printed flexible perovskite solar cells using eco-friendly antisolvent bathing with wide processing window

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