Scalable blockchains — A systematic review

Nasir, Muhammad; Arshad, Junaid; Khan, Muhammad Mubashir; Fatima, Mahawish; Salah, Khaled; Jayaraman, Raja

doi:10.1016/j.future.2021.07.035

Cited by 82 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(139 reference statements)

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“…Data storage: Data is stored in the mode of single-chain storage, or multi-chain storage [ 25 ] As the data redundancy of the blockchain itself is very large, there are as many full nodes as there are N times of redundant data, so it is impossible to store all the data itself, only the hash value of the data can be stored on the chain (R1). The risk to a database comes from external attacks, internal leakage, imperfect database system security, etc.…”

Section: Background Of Food Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Privacy Protection and Blockchain-Based Food Safety Traceability: Potential and Challenges

Lei

Liu

et al. 2022

Foods

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Concern about food safety has become a hot topic, and numerous researchers have come up with various effective solutions. To ensure the safety of food and avoid financial loss, it is important to improve the safety of food information in addition to the quality of food. Additionally, protecting the privacy and security of food can increase food harvests from a technological perspective, reduce industrial pollution, mitigate environmental impacts, and obtain healthier and safer food. Therefore, food traceability is one of the most effective methods available. Collecting and analyzing key information on food traceability, as well as related technology needs, can improve the efficiency of the traceability chain and provide important insights for managers. Technology solutions, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Privacy Preservation (PP), and Blockchain (BC), are proposed for food monitoring, traceability, and analysis of collected data, as well as intelligent decision-making, to support the selection of the best solution. However, research on the integration of these technologies is still lacking, especially in the integration of PP with food traceability. To this end, the study provides a systematic review of the use of PP technology in food traceability and identifies the security needs at each stage of food traceability in terms of data flow and technology. Then, the work related to food safety traceability is fully discussed, particularly with regard to the benefits of PP integration. Finally, current developments in the limitations of food traceability are discussed, and some possible suggestions for the adoption of integrated technologies are made.

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Section: Background Of Food Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Privacy Protection and Blockchain-Based Food Safety Traceability: Potential and Challenges

Lei

Liu

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…A cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, block header, block number, version, nonce, and transaction data are all included in each block. Transaction data is maintained as a Merkle tree [33]. In blockchain, if any of the transactions in a block are modified or altered, leading to the drastic change in the hash value of the particular block.…”

Section: Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, data on the blockchain is immutable. Every transaction has been digitally signed with a private key utilizing asymmetric cryptography to assure integrity, security, and immutability [33]. Only the public key owner can authenticate the signing entity.…”

Section: Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain and AI-Empowered Healthcare Insurance Fraud Detection: an Analysis, Architecture, and Future Prospects

et al. 2022

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Nowadays, health insurance has become an essential part of people's lives as the number of health issues increases. Healthcare emergencies can be troublesome for people who can't afford huge expenses. Health insurance helps people cover healthcare services expenses in case of a medical emergency and provides financial backup against indebtedness risk. Health insurance and its several benefits can face many security, privacy, and fraud issues. For the past few years, fraud has been a sensitive issue in the health insurance domain as it incurs high losses for individuals, private firms, and governments. So, it is essential for national authorities and private firms to develop systems to detect fraudulent cases and payments. A high volume of health insurance data in electronic form is generated, which is highly sensitive and attracts malicious users. Motivated by these facts, we present a systematic survey for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain-enabled secure health insurance fraud detection in this paper. This paper presents a taxonomy of various security issues in health insurance. We proposed a blockchain and AI-based secure and intelligent system to detect health insurance fraud. Then a case study related to health insurance fraud is presented.Finally, the open issues and research challenges in implementing the blockchain and an AI-empowered health insurance fraud detection system is presented.

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“…A layered view of blockchain is presented in Figure 2 and this structure is used to describe different layers as well as the components within. In order to describe these layers and components, an agnostic language of technologies have been applied within a specific platform, for example, the ethereum, hyperledger, and multichain [17].…”

Section: -1-related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Data Integrity in an Electronic Health Record System using Blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (Case Study: COVID-19 Data)

et al. 2022

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The misuse of health data stored in the Electronic Health Record (EHR) system can be uncontrolled. For example, mishandling of privacy and data security related to Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19), containing patient diagnosis and vaccine certificate in Indonesia. We propose a system framework design by utilizing the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and Blockchain technology to overcome this problem. The IPFS environment supports a large data storage with a distributed network powered by Ethereum blockchain. The combination of this technology allows data stored in the EHR to be secure and available at any time. All data are secured with a blockchain cryptographic algorithm and can only be accessed using a user's private key. System testing evaluates the mechanism and process of storing and accessing data from 346 computers connected to the IPFS network and Blockchain by considering several parameters, such as gas unit, CPU load, network latency, and bandwidth used. The obtained results show that 135205 gas units are used in each transaction based on the tests. The average execution speed ranges from 12.98 to 14.08 GHz, 26 KB/s is used for incoming, and 4 KB/s is for outgoing bandwidth. Our contribution is in designing a blockchain-based decentralized EHR system by maximizing the use of private keys as an access right to maintain the integrity of COVID-19 diagnosis and certificate data. We also provide alternative storage using a distributed IPFS to maintain data availability at all times as a solution to the problem of traditional cloud storage, which often ignores data availability. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-013 Full Text: PDF

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Scalable blockchains — A systematic review

Cited by 82 publications

References 76 publications

Integration of Privacy Protection and Blockchain-Based Food Safety Traceability: Potential and Challenges

Integration of Privacy Protection and Blockchain-Based Food Safety Traceability: Potential and Challenges

Blockchain and AI-Empowered Healthcare Insurance Fraud Detection: an Analysis, Architecture, and Future Prospects

Developing Data Integrity in an Electronic Health Record System using Blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (Case Study: COVID-19 Data)

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