Eukaryotic precursor mRNA splicing is a process involving a very complex RNA-protein edifice. Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins play essential roles in precursor mRNA constitutive and alternative splicing and have been suggested to be crucial in plant-specific forms of developmental regulation and environmental adaptation. Despite their functional importance, little is known about their origin and evolutionary history. SR splicing factors have a modular organization featuring at least one RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain and a carboxyl-terminal region enriched in serine/arginine dipeptides. To investigate the evolution of SR proteins, we infer phylogenies for more than 12,000 RRM domains representing more than 200 broadly sampled organisms. Our analyses reveal that the RRM domain is not restricted to eukaryotes and that all prototypical SR proteins share a single ancient origin, including the plant-specific SR45 protein. Based on these findings, we propose a scenario for their diversification into four natural families, each corresponding to a main SR architecture, and a dozen subfamilies, of which we profile both sequence conservation and composition. Finally, using operational criteria for computational discovery and classification, we catalog SR proteins in 20 model organisms, with a focus on green algae and land plants. Altogether, our study confirms the homogeneity and antiquity of SR splicing factors while establishing robust phylogenetic relationships between animal and plant proteins, which should enable functional analyses of lesser characterized SR family members, especially in green plants.In a broad range of eukaryotes, including green plants, most nuclear genes are interrupted by introns that must be accurately excised from precursor mRNA molecules to give rise to functional mature proteincoding mRNAs. Precursor mRNA splicing occurs within a dynamic macromolecular complex known as the spliceosome. The spliceosome is one of the most elaborate edifices in the cell, whose precise assembly at each intron involves five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) associated with snRNPspecific proteins (for review, see Roy and Irimia, 2009;Wahl et al., 2009).Precursor mRNA alternative splicing (AS) is a regulated mechanism that allows the synthesis of multiple mRNAs from a single gene. AS is widespread in eukaryotes (including unicellular organisms) and has a significant role in expanding transcriptome and proteome diversity (Keren et al., 2010). Recent estimates indicate that approximately 95% of multiexon human genes undergo AS and that most AS events are differentially regulated between tissues (Pan et al., 2008).Global AS has been investigated in green algae and land plants, and recent deep transcriptome sequencing in the model plant species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) points toward a far greater complexity of AS than previously assumed (Filichkin et al., 2010; Labadorf et al., 2010, and refs. therein). In rice (Oryza sativa), more than 50% of AS-related genes undergo multiple AS even...