“…Then codes from different data sources, interviews, and the collected artifacts, were compared within and across different cases to converge into themes through the recursive process of shuttling between the collected data and existing literature. For example, drawing upon the existing studies about teachers’ use of GBA (e.g., Gebhard et al, 2013 ; Tardy, 2017 ; Cheng and Chiu, 2018 ; Worden, 2018a , b , 2019 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Kindenberg, 2021 ), the codes “translating to L1,” “using mind maps” were categorized into the theme of strategies for scaffolding, together with the other two themes: the strategies to facilitate collaboration and strategies of localization. In the fourth stage, the themes were inductively grouped into three major categories, corresponding to the research focus of teachers’ understanding of GBA (i.e., knowledge), implementation of GBA in teaching writing (practices), and the perceived constraints on their GBWI practices (challenges).…”