SCADA security in the light of Cyber-Warfare

Runtime-Monitoring for Industrial Control Systems

“…ICS and SCADA systems have been common in industry and manufacturing since the 1940's [4]. They are found in many diverse industries, such as transportation, manufacturing, chemical processing, power generation and water processing making them a key component in a countries CNI.…”

“…Additionally, authentication can increase delays that negatively affect the productivity and in cases may also invalidate safety considerations. A more detailed review of the current threat landscape and cyber security issues relating to SCADA systems is out of the scope of this paper and can be found in existing literature (e.g., [4,7]). …”

“…The use of general purpose operating systems, and open standards such as LAN protocols has allowed formerly centralised systems to become more distributed, allowing control to be located closer to the field devices [4].…”

“…Cyber attacks against these infrastructures can have wide ranging consequences for the nation's economy, its political stability and indeed the well-being of its people. Whilst there have been Electronics 2015, 4 996 no large-scale concerted cyber attacks against critical infrastructures, attacks such as the Maroochy water treatment disaster [1], Stuxnet [2] and more recently the reported attack on a German steel furnace [3] have highlighted the exposure of our infrastructure to these kind of attacks [4].…”

“…The operator received feedback on the status of a process through analogue dials and similar methods of feedback. In the 1960's [4]. as technology progressed, mini-computers were used to perform the decision making and control of the systems, though these systems were very centralised, relying on mainframe computers for control and data acquisition functions.…”