SAXS Measurement and Dynamics of Condensed Carbon Growth at Detonation of Condensed High Explosives

Тен, К. А.; Pruuél, É. R.; Титов, В.М.

doi:10.1080/1536383x.2012.656542

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Here, we describe time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments, for the first time with sufficient fidelity, to determine carbon condensation kinetics within and immediately behind the hydrodynamic reaction zone of detonating hexanitrostilbene (HNS) from complementary analysis of both the Guinier and Porod/power-law regions of the scattering intensity. Our results affirm that SAXS offers a compelling experimental approach to observe carbon condensation kinetics (as suggested by, e.g., Aleshaev et al [16][17][18][19][20] in CHNO high explosives-an approach that is now rapidly evolving with recent instrumentation developments in synchrotron science that enable adequate statistics (over a suitable q-range) with nanosecond acquisition times.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Measurement of carbon condensates using small-angle x-ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene

Bagge‐Hansen

Lauderbach

Hodgin

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The dynamics of carbon condensation in detonating high explosives remains controversial. Detonation model validation requires data for processes occurring at nanometer length scales on time scales ranging from nanoseconds to microseconds. A new detonation endstation has been commissioned to acquire and provide time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) from detonating explosives. Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) was selected as the first to investigate due to its ease of initiation using exploding foils and flyers, vacuum compatibility, high thermal stability, and stoichiometric carbon abundance that produces high carbon condensate yields. The SAXS data during detonation, collected with 300 ns time resolution, provide unprecedented signal fidelity over a broad q-range. This fidelity permits the first analysis of both the Guinier and Porod/power-law regions of the scattering profile during detonation, which contains information about the size and morphology of the resultant carbon condensate nanoparticles. To bolster confidence in these data, the scattering angle and intensity were additionally cross-referenced with a separate, highly calibrated SAXS beamline. The data show that HNS produces carbon particles with a radius of gyration of 2.7 nm in less than 400 ns after the detonation front has passed, and this size and morphology are constant over the next several microseconds. These data directly contradict previous pioneering work on RDX/TNT mixtures and TATB, where observations indicate significant particle growth (50% or more) continues over several microseconds. The power-law slope is about −3, which is consistent with a complex disordered, irregular, or folded sp2 sub-arrangement within a relatively monodisperse structure possessing radius of gyration of 2.7 nm after the detonation of HNS.

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Measurement of carbon condensates using small-angle x-ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene

Bagge‐Hansen

Lauderbach

Hodgin

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this recent study, the HNS TR-SAXS patterns were integrated over 250 ns and lacked the time resolution to detect the carbon nanoparticle growth; subsequent single-bunch measurements on HNS detonations demonstrated that the formation or carbon particles of ∼7 nm in diameter occurs more rapidly than 300 ns but still did not probe the growth regime. This is significantly faster than previous TR-SAXS measurements, ,,− and thus much closer to the theoretical predictions of the Shaw–Johnson model and indirect experimental measurements. ,,, …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Specifically, TR-SAXS based measurements performed by Ten et al, Pruuel et al, and Rubtsov et al. suggest that the formation of carbon clusters several nanometers in diameter occurs over the course of several microseconds after the detonation front, ,,− whereas the Shaw–Johnson model predicted 1–2 orders of magnitude shorter formation times. For example, Ten et al reported maximum cluster diameters of ∼2.6 nm after >4 μs in a TATB-based explosive in explosive charges larger than those studied here with 0.5 μs sampling rates .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SAXS scattering technique allowed the structure of carbon clusters to be probed at the nano to meso length scales, providing details about the average particle size and composition. In particular, TR-SAXS was used to answer whether there is substantial growth of carbon clusters in the ∼50–2000 ns time scale for comparison to previous indirect measurements, ,,, recent TR-SAXS measurements, as well as modeling efforts, , or if carbon cluster formation continues into the microsecond time scale. ,,− The data were interpreted by a modification of the Shaw–Johnson model to understand the interplay between finite charge size, and how temporal dynamics of thermodynamic fields (e.g., pressure, density) affect the dynamics of carbon clustering. Together with TR-SAXS data, this modeling clarifies the important time scales of carbon cluster formation and provides insights into the chemical and physical transformation associated with detonation of insensitive carbon-rich HEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The detonation of carbon-rich high explosives yields solid carbon as a major constituent of the product mixture, and depending on the thermodynamic conditions behind the shock front, a variety of carbon allotropes and morphologies may form and evolve. We applied time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (TR-SAXS) to investigate the dynamics of carbon clustering during detonation of PBX 9502, an explosive composed of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and 5 wt % fluoropolymer binder. Solid carbon formation was probed from 0.1 to 2.0 μs behind the detonation front and revealed rapid carbon cluster growth which reached a maximum after ∼200 ns. The late-time carbon clusters had a radius of gyration of 3.3 nm which is consistent with 8.4 nm diameter spherical particles and matched particle sizes of recovered products. Simulations using a clustering kinetics model were found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements of cluster growth when invoking a freeze-out temperature, and temporal shift associated with the initial precipitation of solid carbon. Product densities from reactive flow models were compared to the electron density contrast obtained from TR-SAXS, and used to approximate the carbon cluster composition as a mixture of 20% highly ordered (diamond-like) and 80% disordered carbon forms, which will inform future product equation of state models for solid carbon in PBX 9502 detonation product mixtures.

show abstract

“…There are several works where the data obtained using the synchrotron radiation are interpreted as an existence and growth of single carbon particles to the size of several tens of micrometers during several microseconds (for example, work 11 ). On the contrary, it was found in the work 12 using the same method that at the detonation of hexanitrostilbene C 14 H 6 N 6 O 12 ), single particles appeared faster than in 0.5 microseconds, and the particle size of 2.7 nm remained constant during the whole measurement time (3 microseconds).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the mechanism of carbon nanostructures formation at reaction of organic compounds at high pressure and temperature

Satonkina

Медведев

2017

AIP Advances

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Based on the analysis of the data on the behavior of electric conductivity at the detonation of condensed high explosives (HEs) with the composition CHNO and the carbon mass fraction higher than 0.1, the conclusion was made of the presence of long carbon nanostructures. These structures penetrate all the space of reacting HE. The structures are formed already in the chemical peak region, and they evolve along the detonation wave.

show abstract

SAXS Measurement and Dynamics of Condensed Carbon Growth at Detonation of Condensed High Explosives

Cited by 16 publications

References 5 publications

Measurement of carbon condensates using small-angle x-ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene

Measurement of carbon condensates using small-angle x-ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene

Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

On the mechanism of carbon nanostructures formation at reaction of organic compounds at high pressure and temperature

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About