“…To fully appreciate opportunities to improve Indigenous peoples' health the clinical and epidemiological aspects of surgical illness and their sociocultural contexts need to be understood, as does knowledge about what has and has not worked in the past and why. Interventions that result in lasting change, both for an individual patient or for whole communities, have usually been carefully developed and refined through extensive dialogue with relevant stakeholders, and are consistent with the lives of people 8,[13][14][15] You see an elderly Indigenous man in hospital outpatients with a large, at times painful hernia. His daughter and a few other family members accompany him.…”