Saussurea lappa Exhibits Anti-Oncogenic Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HepG2 Cancer Cell Line by Bcl-2 Mediated Apoptotic Pathway and Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Release

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Saussurea lappa (S. lappa) is an important species of the Asteraceae family with several purposes in traditional medicine. This study intended to explore the cytotoxic effect of S. lappa on HepG2 cancer cell proliferation. Materials and Methods: The effects of an S. lappa n-butanol extract on the induction of apoptosis were investigated by flow cytometry and mitochondrial cytochrome C-releasing apoptosis assay. Additionally, real-time PCR was employed to confirm apoptosis initiation. Further, qualitative estimation of the active constituent of S. lappa was done by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Results: The cell viability study revealed that the n-butanol extract of S. lappa demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 56.76 μg/mL. Cell morphology with dual staining of acridine orange (AO)-ethidium bromide (EB) showed an increase in orange/red nuclei due to cell death by S. lappa n-butanol extract compared to control cells. Apoptosis, as the mode of cell death, was also confirmed by the higher release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, the increased expression of caspase-3 and bax, along with down regulation of Bcl-2. Conclusion: These findings conclude that S. lappa is a cause of hepatic cancer cell death through apoptosis and a potential natural source suggesting furthermore investigation of its active compounds that are responsible for these observed activities.

Myco-Nanofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles by Penicillium brasilianum NP5 and Their Antimicrobial, Photoprotective and Anticancer Effect on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line

“…The pellet was collected and washed with PBS. Then, 5 µL of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Annexin V (FITC-Annexin V) was mixed with the pellet with a gently vortexed motion and incubated at 25 °C for 15 min in the dark, followed by the addition of 5 µL of Propidium Iodide (PI) and 400 µL of 1X binding buffer and analyzed by flow cytometry [ 50 , 70 ].…”

Plumeria alba-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Exhibits Antimicrobial Effect and Anti-Oncogenic Activity against Glioblastoma U118 MG Cancer Cell Line

“…The plates were covered with aluminum foil to avoid exposure to the light and incubated for 4 h. A total of 100 µL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (#PHR1309, Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore, India) solubilization solution was added to each well to dissolve the formazan format on the last step. The absorbance was recorded at 570 nm by the ELISA reader, and the IC 50 value was calculated by using a linear regression equation, i.e., Y = Mx + C, where Y = 50, M, and C values were derived from the viability graph [31,32]. Three independent experiments were performed.…”

Plantamajoside alleviates hypoxia-reoxygenation injury through integrin-linked kinase/c-Src/Akt and the mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathways in H9c2 myocardial cells

“…Our findings indicated that the targeted genes of PMS against myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation injury are involved in ILK and mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathways, including ILK, c-Src, Akt, Cytochrome c and caspase-3. H/R stimulation in cardiomyocytes decreased the expression of ILK [18], which can result in the phosphorylation of c-Src and inhibit the expression of Akt, which induces a series of signal transduction pathways to ultimately regulate Bcl-2 and Bax, thereby leading to release of cytochrome c and increasing the expression of caspase-3 [40][41][42]. Our present western blot results showed the expression of ILK, p-Akt and Bcl-2 decrease, and the expression of p-c-Src, Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 increase after H/R treatment, which is in consistency with the previous report.…”