Sauna, sweat and science II – do we sweat what we drink?

Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine

“…Sweat can be induced in various manners, such as thermal stimulation, exercise, natural secretion, and iontophoresis. For thermal stimulation, subjects are placed in a heated environment (e.g., sauna bathing) to induce thermal sweat at a skin temperature of 40–41 °C, with a full-body sweat production of 0.6–1 kg/h. − Exercise-induced sweat is prevalent in many studies; however, the sweat rate could fluctuate with respect to variations in exercise type and intensity. Some common exercises include treadmill running and stationary biking, where the exercise intensity could be controlled and recorded.…”

Flexible Electrochemical Sensors and Their Applications in Noninvasive Medical Detection★

“…通过采 用隐形眼镜 [13,[50][51] 、牙套 [11,52] 和口罩 [14,35,53] 等器件形态, 能够分别实现对泪液、唾液和呼吸的原位采样与分析, 也可通过设计外置采样器进行非原位的分析 [62][63] . 对于 汗液的提取手段, 除了常规的运动产汗 [10,[38][39] 和热诱导 排 汗 [64] 外 , 研 究 者 们 还 发 展 了 基 于 电 离 子 渗 透 疗 法 [23,36,65] 的汗液提取手段. 与之类似, 间质液可以通过 反向电离子渗透疗法 [12,[66][67] 进行无创提取.…”

“…Yang 等 [39] 则研制了一种 在柔性 PI 基底上全激光加工而成的包含微流道、化学 传感器和物理传感器的可穿戴汗液传感器平台(图 5b), 通过激光加工的方法可制得具有定制化图案的传感器 和导电通路, 其中电化学传感器用于对汗液中低浓度的 尿酸和酪氨酸的准确测定, 温度和应变传感器用于实时 监测体温和呼吸频率. 同时, 基于激光加工的微流体通 道可实现对待检汗液的实时更新, 并削弱了汗液蒸发对 测试准确性的影响, 从而提高汗液分析的时间分辨率和 [23,34,36,65] 、 热刺激 [28,64] 等方式用于诱导汗液的产生. 其 中, 热刺激会加剧水蒸发从而影响测试结果的准确性, 并且过高的温度也会影响酶传感器的稳定性.…”