Saturation of the tilt aftereffect

Greenlee, Mark W.; Magnussen, Svein

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(87)90017-4

Cited by 47 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Here, we show that the effect of prolonged visual stimulation can last for Ͼ1 h in the thalamus. Moreover, psychophysical studies have described a relationship between stimulus duration and recovery time from adaptive effects, termed the duration-scaling law (Bao and Engel 2012;Greenlee et al 1991;Greenlee and Magnussen 1987;Leopold et al 2005), which is consistent with our measurements from thalamic neurons (Fig. 1E).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Hour-long adaptation in the awake early visual system

Stoelzel

Huff

Bereshpolova

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Sensory adaptation serves to adjust awake brains to changing environments on different time scales. However, adaptation has been studied traditionally under anesthesia and for short time periods. Here, we demonstrate in awake rabbits a novel type of sensory adaptation that persists for Ͼ1 h and acts on visual thalamocortical neurons and their synapses in the input layers of the visual cortex. Following prolonged visual stimulation (10 -30 min), cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) show a severe and prolonged reduction in spontaneous firing rate. This effect is bidirectional, and prolonged visually induced response suppression is followed by a prolonged increase in spontaneous activity. The reduction in thalamic spontaneous activity following prolonged visual activation is accompanied by increases in 1) response reliability, 2) signal detectability, and 3) the ratio of visual signal/spontaneous activity. In addition, following such prolonged activation of an LGN neuron, the monosynaptic currents generated by thalamic impulses in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex are enhanced. These results demonstrate that in awake brains, prolonged sensory stimulation can have a profound, long-lasting effect on the information conveyed by thalamocortical inputs to the visual cortex. lateral geniculate nucleus; thalamocortical; sensory adaptation THE VISUAL SYSTEM IS HIGHLY dynamic, able to scale neuronal responses across several orders of magnitude of mean luminance and to alter tuning specificity based on recent visual experience. Adaptations of neural responses, lasting from seconds (Baccus and Meister 2002;Brown and Masland 2001;Rieke 2001) to minutes (Dragoi et al. 2000;Giaschi et al. 1993;Hammond et al. 1988;McLelland et al. 2009;Ohzawa et al. 1985;Vautin and Berkley 1977), have been described, with the longest lasting adaption ϳ10 min (Dragoi et al. 2000). Yet, the perceptual effects of long-duration adapting stimuli can last considerably longer [see, for example, Dong et al. (2014) Here, we describe a novel form of adaptation, following prolonged visual stimulation, in which the spontaneous activity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of awake rabbits is reduced to as little as 10% of pre-adaptation baseline activity levels and slowly recovers over a period of Ͼ1 h. We demonstrate that this adaptation, which is cell specific and retinotopically precise, is accompanied by an increase in the reliability (reduced Fano factor) and detectability [increased area of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) functions] of visual responses and by an increase in the ratio of evoked-tospontaneous firing rates. We also show that during the adapted period, monosynaptic currents, generated in layer 4 by thalamic impulses, are greatly increased, providing a mechanism for further enhancing the saliency of visual stimuli. Finally, we show that visual stimuli that suppress cell responses for a prolonged period of time can have the opposite effect and generate a prolonged increase in thalamic spontaneous activ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Hour-long adaptation in the awake early visual system

Stoelzel

Huff

Bereshpolova

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…We term this relationship the duration scaling law, and it has been confirmed in prior work that measured contrast detection, the tilt aftereffect, the motion aftereffect, and adaptation that results from viewing a face (4,(12)(13)(14). These studies used short durations, generally a few minutes in length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Distinct mechanism for long-term contrast adaptation

Bao

Engel

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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To optimize perception, neurons in the visual system adapt to the current environment. What determines the durability of this plasticity? Longer exposures to an environment produce longer-lasting effects, which could be due to either (i) a single mechanism controlling adaptation that gains strength over time, or (ii) long-term mechanisms that become active after long-term exposure. Using recently developed technology, we tested adaptation durations an order of magnitude greater that those tested previously, and used a "deadaptation" procedure to reveal effects of a unique long-term mechanism in the longest adaptation periods. After 4 h of contrast adaptation, human observers were exposed to natural images for 15 min, which completely cancelled perceptual aftereffects of adaptation. Strikingly, during continued testing this deadaptation faded, and the original adaptation effects reappeared. This pattern strongly suggests that adaptation was maintained in a distinct long-term mechanism, whereas deadaptation affected a short-term mechanism.orientation | deprivation | adult neuroplasticity T he visual system continually adapts to the current environment to improve its function. Neurons in the retina and visual cortex, for example, decrease their sensitivity after prolonged exposure to a high contrast environment (for reviews, see refs. 1 and 2). Such adaptation is hypothesized to increase the efficiency of neural coding by bringing responses down from ceiling levels and allowing neurons to respond differentially to the high contrast values that are the most likely stimuli in that environment. Because adaptation effects are both large and common in the natural world, understanding them is a key component of any account of visual function (3).Effects of contrast adaptation are evident almost immediately after onset of an adapting stimulus but get stronger and longerlasting as the adaptation period grows in duration. This duration scaling law has been observed for both firing rates of retinal ganglion cells and contrast detection measurements of human observers (4, 5).How the visual system produces these temporal dynamics remains the subject of debate (Fig. 1). One theory proposes that a single neural mechanism controls contrast adaptation at multiple time-scales (putting aside extremely rapid effects that occur within 100-200 ms; refs. 5 and 6). As the adapting period grows longer, this mechanism increases its confidence in its estimates of the current environment. Increased confidence, in turn, produces stronger adaptation effects and also increases the evidence required to convince the system that the environment has changed back to its original state, yielding longer-lasting aftereffects.Alternatively, contrast adaptation might be controlled by multiple neural mechanisms, each tuned to a different preferred timescale (7,8). As the adapting period grows longer, mechanisms tuned to longer timescales exert increased control over adaptation. The dynamics of such mechanisms would most naturally operate at similar long t...

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“…However, the average time from the offset of the second line in a trial to the onset of the first line in the next trial was 6.03 s (including a 2-s intertrial interval), much longer than the 0.5-s interstimulus interval between the two lines within a trial. Given the exponential decay of the tilt aftereffect (40,41), the cross-trial adaptation should be negligible compared with the within-trial adaptation. However, the observed backward aftereffect was as large as the forward aftereffect, ruling out the cross-trial interpretation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual perception as retrospective Bayesian decoding from high- to low-level features

Ding

Cueva

Tsodyks

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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When a stimulus is presented, its encoding is known to progress from low-to high-level features. How these features are decoded to produce perception is less clear, and most models assume that decoding follows the same low-to high-level hierarchy of encoding. There are also theories arguing for global precedence, reversed hierarchy, or bidirectional processing, but they are descriptive without quantitative comparison with human perception. Moreover, observers often inspect different parts of a scene sequentially to form overall perception, suggesting that perceptual decoding requires working memory, yet few models consider how working-memory properties may affect decoding hierarchy. We probed decoding hierarchy by comparing absolute judgments of single orientations and relative/ordinal judgments between two sequentially presented orientations. We found that lower-level, absolute judgments failed to account for higher-level, relative/ordinal judgments. However, when ordinal judgment was used to retrospectively decode memory representations of absolute orientations, striking aspects of absolute judgments, including the correlation and forward/backward aftereffects between two reported orientations in a trial, were explained. We propose that the brain prioritizes decoding of higher-level features because they are more behaviorally relevant, and more invariant and categorical, and thus easier to specify and maintain in noisy working memory, and that more reliable higher-level decoding constrains less reliable lower-level decoding.Bayesian prior | interreport correlation | bidirectional tilt aftereffect | efficient coding | adaptation theory V isual stimuli evoke neuronal responses (a process termed encoding), which lead to our perceptual estimation of the stimuli (decoding). Experimental studies have firmly established that encoding is hierarchical, progressing from lower-level representations of simpler and less invariant features to higher-level representations of more complex and invariant features along visual pathways (1). Researchers have also studied decoding by using models to relate neuronal responses to perceptual estimation. Most models posit, explicitly or implicitly, that decoding follows the same low-to high-level hierarchy, often in the form of what we call the absolute-to-relative assumption (2-6). For example, these models may decode V1 responses to a line into a perceived orientation of, say 51.2°(or a distribution around it). Psychophysically, this is termed an absolute judgment. To determine the relationship between two lines, the models first decode each orientation separately and the two resulting absolute orientations are then compared. For instance, the two absolute orientations may be subtracted to obtain the angle between the lines (relative orientation), or the sign of the difference may be used to determine whether the second line is clockwise or counterclockwise from the first (ordinal orientation discrimination). Absolute orientation of a single line is a simpler, less invariant, lower-...

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Saturation of the tilt aftereffect

Cited by 47 publications

References 9 publications

Hour-long adaptation in the awake early visual system

Hour-long adaptation in the awake early visual system

Distinct mechanism for long-term contrast adaptation

Visual perception as retrospective Bayesian decoding from high- to low-level features

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