Saturation of Current Transformer in a Coordinated Substation towards Optimal Power Flow

Azam, Ali; Schmidt, William H.; Knudstrup, Chris; Elford, Kellie

doi:10.1109/epec48502.2020.9319912

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Utility considers a lumped load a single power-consuming device connected to the substation switchgear bus through a distribution cable [5]. Therefore, it develops a load model to perform the feasibility study and estimate long-lead equipment and budget sizes accordingly in the substation project's planning phase [6]. Throughout the substation planning, design framework where load types to the customer end are not generally considered, the transformer capacity utilization has been kept at low rates [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Loading Effect on Fault Current and Arc Flash for a Coordinated Substation

Azam¹,

Schmidt²,

Elford³

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Due to load growth and various load types within the service territory, utilities need to enhance the utilization of substations. In any case, towards the coordinated substation design, the utilization of the transformers' most total capacity cannot be reduced just because there is a lack of proper coordination between transmission and distribution systems. The transmission and distribution systems' stability and safe operability must be investigated in a coordinated substation. The critical issues are the asymmetric fault currents on the high voltage and arc-related safety issues on the distribution switchgear at different dynamic loading scenarios. We found that when one 138 kV transmission line and two transformers are energized, with increased dynamic loading, from 40% and above, the substation, as a whole, gets gradually more stressed. Because of the highest amount of fault currents on the 138 kV bus, to avoid CT saturation, we need to consider that three transmission lines are connected, and all three transformers are running at 100% dynamic loading. At this value of dynamic loading, in the 13.2 kV switchgear, the incident energy is 2 cal/cm 2 , and the arc flash boundary is four feet, which ensures that all workers need to wear the proper arc-rated clothes to work on any de-energized cubicle of the switchgear.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, distribution side load and type should be approached in a coordinated [8,9] way with multiple transmission lines and high voltage power transformers. Nevertheless, using the system parameters of the utility would make the substation coordination with transmission and distribution systems more realistic [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Loading Effect on Fault Current and Arc Flash for a Coordinated Substation

Azam¹,

Schmidt²,

Elford³

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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High Voltage SF6 Circuit Breaker Selection for a Substation

Azam¹,

Schmidt²,

Elford³

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE PES Generation, Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition – Latin America (IEEE PES GTD Latin America)

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Emergency Loading of a Transformer in a Coordinated Substation at Different Dynamic Loading Conditions

Azam¹,

Schmidt²,

Elford³

et al. 2021

IEEE Open J. Ind. Applicat.

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Utility encounters situations like when one out of two power transformers in the substation requires maintenance and only one transformer remains in operation. To meet the load requirements of a maximum number of customers, if not all, the only transformer needs to be overloaded. Due to various load types within the service territory, utilities need to understand the customers' maximum dynamic loading amount to overload a transformer in an emergency. We propose the iteration process with real-world substation data, which considers the concept of a coordinated substation for optimal power flow. We found to what extent the only 138 kV//13.8 kV, 30/40/50 MVA transformer can be safely overloaded beyond its nameplate's maximum rating for a minimum time. Within that time, the utility personnel can work on the substation yard and switchgear room safely and comfortably to bring back the other transformer in operation. We found from the perspective of power flow that with increased dynamic loading, transformer secondary current increases. Therefore, under the maximum dynamic loading condition, we should calculate the asymmetric fault current on the 13.2 kV switchgear bus to select the suitable CTs and develop a protection scheme accordingly.

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Saturation of Current Transformer in a Coordinated Substation towards Optimal Power Flow

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Dynamic Loading Effect on Fault Current and Arc Flash for a Coordinated Substation

Dynamic Loading Effect on Fault Current and Arc Flash for a Coordinated Substation

High Voltage SF6 Circuit Breaker Selection for a Substation

Emergency Loading of a Transformer in a Coordinated Substation at Different Dynamic Loading Conditions

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