Purpose of review
A variety techniques have emerged for optimization of prostate biopsy. In this review, we summarize and critically discuss the most recent developments regarding the optimal systematic biopsy and sampling labeling along with multiparametric MRI and MR targeted biopsies.
Recent findings
The use of 10–12-core extended-sampling protocols increases cancer detection rates compared to traditional sextant sampling and reduces the likelihood that patients will require a repeat biopsy, ultimately allowing more accurate risk stratification without increasing the likelihood of detecting insignificant cancers. As the number of cores increases above 12 cores, the increase in diagnostic yield becomes marginal. However, limitations of this technique include undersampling, over-sampling, and the need for repetitive biopsy. MRI and MR-targeted biopsies have demonstrated superiority over systematic biopsies for the detection of clinically significant disease and representation of disease burden, while deploying fewer cores and may have applications in men undergoing initial or repeat biopsy and those with low risk cancer on or considering active surveillance.
Summary
A 12-core systematic biopsy that incorporates apical and far-lateral cores in the template distribution allows maximal cancer detection, avoidance of a repeat biopsy, while minimizing the detection of insignificant prostate cancers. MRI guided prostate biopsy has an evolving role in both initial and repeat prostate biopsy strategies, as well as active surveillance, potentially improving sampling efficiency, increasing detection of clinically significant cancers, and reducing detection of insignificant cancers.