Saturated Fatty Acids Limit the Effects of Replacing Fish Oil with Soybean Oil with or without Phospholipid Supplementation in Feeds for Juvenile Cobia

Trushenski, Jesse T.; Woitel, Franklin R.; Schwarz, Michael H.; Yamamoto, Fernando Y.

doi:10.1080/15222055.2012.713897

Cited by 32 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Fish oil sparing rarely impacts fish production performance as long as essential fatty acid requirements are met (Turchini et al , 2011aGao et al 2011;Trushenski et al 2011aTrushenski et al , 2011bTrushenski et al , 2011cTrushenski et al , 2011dTrushenski et al , 2013aTrushenski et al , 2013bKamarudin et al 2012;Mulligan and Trushenski 2013;Ng et al 2013;Trushenski and Kanczuzewski 2013). Our results are consistent with this convention and with other research on fish oil sparing in Cobias (Trushenski et al 2011a(Trushenski et al , 2012(Trushenski et al , 2013bWoitel et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

“…Our results are consistent with this convention and with other research on fish oil sparing in Cobias (Trushenski et al 2011a(Trushenski et al , 2012(Trushenski et al , 2013bWoitel et al 2014). It is surprising that fish in the 100 FO control group did not perform as well as their counterparts in the other treatment groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Compared with alternative lipids that are rich in C 18 PUFAs, SFA-and MUFA-rich lipids (e.g., hydrogenated vegetable oils, beef tallow, poultry fat, and others) have limited effects on tissue fatty acid profiles (Trushenski et al 2008a(Trushenski et al , 2008b(Trushenski et al , 2011a(Trushenski et al , 2011cLaporte and Trushenski 2011;Turchini et al 2011a;Ramezani-Fard et al 2012). The "omega-3 sparing effect" (Turchini et al 2011a) of SFAs and MUFAs has also been observed in Cobias (Trushenski et al 2013b;Woitel et al 2014, this issue). Second, it is possible to enhance LC-PUFA levels by administering LC-PUFA-rich feeds prior to harvest-a process known as finishing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

“…In these cases, consumed SFAs and MUFAs are not proportionately reflected in the tissues, but the minor tissue profile distortions observed do generally reflect a dietary abundance of these fatty acids. For example, Cobias that were fed diets rich in medium-chain PUFAs exhibited much more severe profile distortions than those that received SFA-and MUFA-rich diets, although tissue levels of particularly abundant dietary SFAs and MUFAs (i.e., 18:0 and 18:1[n-9]) were still slightly elevated among the latter groups (Trushenski et al 2013b;Woitel et al 2014). The effects of finishing have also been documented for multiple taxa (Bell et al 2003(Bell et al , 2004Regost et al 2003;Torstensen et al 2004Torstensen et al , 2005Lane et al 2006;Trushenski et al 2008a;Trushenski and Boesenberg 2009;Turchini et al 2009), wherein the effects of grow-out feed composition have been reversed and the levels of fish-oil-associated LC-PUFAs have been augmented prior to harvest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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More Judicious Use of Fish Oil in Cobia Feeds: II. Effects of Graded Fish Oil Sparing and Finishing

et al. 2014

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Replacement of long‐chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐rich fish oil with alternative lipids in aquafeeds typically reduces the LC‐PUFA content and associated nutritional value of farmed fish even if production performance is unaffected. Finishing can be used to augment tissue LC‐PUFA levels prior to harvest; however, the effectiveness of this strategy for use with the Cobia Rachycentron canadum is relatively unknown. For 8 weeks, Cobias (initial weight [mean ± SE] = 59.8 ± 0.2 g) were fed diets in which the supplemental lipid consisted of 100% fish oil; 100% beef tallow; a blend of 33% beef tallow and 67% fish oil; or a blend of 67% beef tallow and 33% fish oil. After the 8‐week grow‐out period, all treatment groups received the 100% fish oil feed for 6 weeks to simulate finishing. Differences in production performance were observed, but growth and growth efficiency were not reduced by inclusion of beef tallow in the grow‐out feeds. Prior to the finishing period, fatty acid profiles of fillet, liver, eye, and brain tissues varied considerably among treatments. As finishing progressed, tissue profiles converged on the profiles of fish that were fed the 100% fish oil diet exclusively. Specifically, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) declined, whereas LC‐PUFA levels varied relatively little during the trial. Results indicate that SFA‐ and MUFA‐rich alternative lipids like beef tallow minimize LC‐PUFA loss during grow‐out and that finishing feeds can be used to modify Cobia tissue profiles prior to harvest.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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More Judicious Use of Fish Oil in Cobia Feeds: II. Effects of Graded Fish Oil Sparing and Finishing

et al. 2014

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“…It is well established that feeds reduced in or free of fish oil are typically well accepted and utilized, so long as essential fatty acid requirements are met; it is equally well established that these dietary manipulations affect the fatty acid composition of the resulting fillets, causing them to contain lower levels of beneficial LCPUFAs (Glencross and Turchini 2011;Trushenski and Bowzer 2012;Pérez-Sánchez et al 2013). Alternative lipids containing reduced levels of C 18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C 18 PUFAs) may not affect the composition of fish tissues to the extent that C 18 PUFA-rich lipids do (Laporte and Trushenski 2011;Trushenski et al 2011aTrushenski et al , 2011bTrushenski et al , 2011cTrushenski et al , 2011dTrushenski et al , 2013aTrushenski et al , 2013bTurchini et al 2011;Ramezani-Fard et al 2012;Trushenski and Kanczuzewski 2013;Woitel et al 2014aWoitel et al , 2014bTrushenski and Bergman 2014). Of the various lipids with potential "omega-3 sparing effect[s]" , saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich lipids appear to be the most successful in terms of preserving tissue composition (Trushenski et al 2008(Trushenski et al , 2011aTrushenski and Kanczuzewski 2013;Woitel et al 2014a); however, SFA-rich lipids may not be well digested by all taxa or under all circumstances (Hua and Bureau 2009;Kanczuzewski and Trushenski 2015;Trushenski and Bergman FATTY ACIDS IN HYBRID STRIPED BASS FEEDS 161 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fish Oil Sparing on Fillet Fatty Acid Composition in Hybrid Striped Bass Are Influenced by Dietary Levels of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

2015

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We assessed the growth performance and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass Morone chrysops × Striped Bass M. saxatilis; initial weight = 29.1 ± 0.2 g [mean ± SE]) fed diets containing only menhaden fish oil (100 FISH); fully hydrogenated saturated fatty acid (SFA)‐rich soybean oil (100 SFA SOY); 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 0:100 blends of fish oil and standard C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid (C18 PUFA)‐rich soybean oil (25 PUFA SOY, 50 PUFA SOY, 75 PUFA SOY, 100 PUFA SOY); or nonhydrogenated monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)‐rich soybean oil (25 MUFA SOY, 50 MUFA SOY, 75 MUFA SOY, 100 MUFA SOY) for 8 weeks. Feed conversion ratio varied, with the 100 SFA SOY feed yielding a significantly greater value (1.3) than the rest of the feeds (0.9–1.0). Although significant treatment effects were not observed for weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, or organosomatic indices, some variation was observed, suggesting some minor (albeit not significant) loss of growth performance among fish fed the 100 SFA SOY and, to a lesser extent, 100 MUFA SOY feeds. Fillets of fish fed diets containing soybean‐derived lipids had reduced levels of fish‐oil‐associated, n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs, i.e., 20:5[n‐3] and 22:6[n‐3]) compared with those fed the 100 FISH feed. Conversely, fillets of fish fed diets containing C18 PUFA‐rich soybean oil and nonhydrogenated MUFA‐rich soybean oil had higher levels of these fatty acids (i.e., 18:2[n‐6] and 18:1[n‐9], respectively). Although the 100 SFA SOY diet contained substantially more SFAs (i.e., 18:0) than the other diets, these fatty acids were not proportionally elevated in the fillets. It is possible that blending SFA‐rich lipids with ingredients containing some level of unsaturated fatty acids may be a means of addressing digestibility limitations while still mitigating the effects of fish oil sparing on tissue composition.

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Addition of Emulsifiers to Hydrogenated Soybean Oil‐Based Feeds for Yellowtail

2018

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Hydrogenated soybean oil can be used to spare fish oil in aquafeeds, but lipid digestibility may be a limiting factor. We evaluated the performance and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile Yellowtail Seriola dorsalis that were fed diets containing menhaden fish oil (positive control), hydrogenated soybean oil (negative control), or hydrogenated soybean oil amended with 1% mixed bile acids, casein, whey protein, or monoglycerides as emulsifying agents. Juvenile fish (~10 g) were stocked in a semi-closed recirculation aquaculture system (15 fish/tank), diets were randomly assigned to tanks in triplicate (N = 3), and fish were fed in slight excess of estimated apparent satiation amounts for 6 h/d with belt feeders. After 8 weeks, production performance was equivalent for fish fed the positive control and negative control feeds; amending the hydrogenated soybean oil-based feeds with casein, whey protein, or monoglycerides did not affect performance, whereas adding mixed bile acids significantly impaired performance (weight gain = 655-681% versus 459%; survival = 98-100% versus 49%; feed conversion ratio = 1.19-1.22 versus 1.56). Whole-body fatty acid composition tended to mirror dietary composition except that fish receiving the hydrogenated soybean oil-based feeds exhibited disproportionately lower levels of saturated fatty acids and higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids compared to dietary levels. Results suggest that casein, whey protein, and monoglycerides could be added to saturated fatty acid-rich hydrogenated soybean oil-based diets to reduce tissue fatty acid profile distortion, but production performance might not be enhanced. Of all the hydrogenated soybean oil-based feeds in this study, the one supplemented with casein resulted in a whole-body fatty acid profile closest to that of fish fed the fish oil-based feed. Mixed bile acids should not be added due to the resulting negative impacts on survival and growth.

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Saturated Fatty Acids Limit the Effects of Replacing Fish Oil with Soybean Oil with or without Phospholipid Supplementation in Feeds for Juvenile Cobia

Cited by 32 publications

References 50 publications

More Judicious Use of Fish Oil in Cobia Feeds: II. Effects of Graded Fish Oil Sparing and Finishing

More Judicious Use of Fish Oil in Cobia Feeds: II. Effects of Graded Fish Oil Sparing and Finishing

Effects of Fish Oil Sparing on Fillet Fatty Acid Composition in Hybrid Striped Bass Are Influenced by Dietary Levels of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Addition of Emulsifiers to Hydrogenated Soybean Oil‐Based Feeds for Yellowtail

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