SatGen: a semi-analytical satellite galaxy generator – I. The model and its application to Local-Group satellite statistics

Jiang, Fangzhou; Dekel, Avishai; Freundlich, Jonathan; Bosch, Frank C. van den; Green, Sheridan B.; Hopkins, Philip F.; Benson, Andrew; Du, Xiaolong

doi:10.1093/mnras/staa4034

Cited by 71 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Additionally, using the orbit-averaged subhalo evolution model and artificial disruption mechanism of , GB19 inferred that artificial disruption could potentially be responsible for suppressing the SHMF normalization by as much as a factor of 2. Recently, Jiang et al (2021) released the SatGen library, a new semi-analytical modelling framework for studying subhalo and satellite galaxy evolution in a full dynamical context (i.e. the orbits of individual subhaloes are integrated instead of using an orbit-averaged approach).…”

Section: S U M M a Ry A N D Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our work builds on the original SatGen model that is presented in Jiang et al (2021); we refer the reader to that paper for any additional model details that are omitted below. In what follows, we highlight the salient features of SatGen and discuss in greater detail the new modifications that we make as part of this study.…”

Section: E T H O D Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As demonstrated in and , this method yields results that are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. 1 As detailed in Jiang et al (2021), we use the Parkinson et al (2008) method with the updated set of parameters advocated for by Benson (2017) that are applicable to the Bryan & Norman (1998) virial halo mass definition. Each merger tree is characterized by a minimum progenitor mass, M res , which we set to be a fixed fraction, ψ res , of the final host halo mass, i.e.…”

Section: Merger Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Semi-analytical models of galaxy and DM substructure evolution (e.g. Taylor & Babul 2001;Peñarrubia & Benson 2005;Zentner et al 2005;Diemand, Kuhlen & Madau 2007;Kampakoglou & Benson 2007;Gan et al 2010;Pullen, Benson & Moustakas 2014;Benson 2020;Yang et al 2020;Jiang et al 2021) have historically been calibrated to reproduce the results of cosmological simulations and thus end up having inherited any systematic issues present in such simulations. As a specific example, constructed a semi-analytical model that accurately matches the statistics of subhaloes in the Bolshoi simulation by simply tuning an orbit-averaged mass-loss rate and including an empirical model of subhalo disruption that, by construction, reproduces the disruption demographics in the simulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we released SatGen (Jiang et al 2021), a semianalytical modelling framework for studying galaxy and DM substructure evolution. The core components of the DM-only side of the framework include prescriptions for (i) analytical merger trees (Cole et al 2000;Parkinson, Cole & Helly 2008;Benson 2017), from which the internal properties of subhaloes at accretion are derived, (ii) orbital parameter distributions for infalling subhaloes (Zentner et al 2005;Wetzel 2011;Jiang et al 2015;Li et al 2020), (iii) the integration of subhalo orbits, including DF (Chandrasekhar 1943), (iv) the evolved subhalo density profile (ESHDP), which captures how the internal structure of the subhalo responds to tidal heating and stripping (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The tidal evolution of dark matter substructure – II. The impact of artificial disruption on subhalo mass functions and radial profiles

Green

Bosch

Jiang

2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Several recent studies have indicated that artificial subhalo disruption (the spontaneous, non-physical disintegration of a subhalo) remains prevalent in state-of-the-art dark matter-only cosmological simulations. In order to quantify the impact of disruption on the inferred subhalo demographics, we augment the semi-analytical SatGen dynamical subhalo evolution model with an improved treatment of tidal stripping that is calibrated using the DASH database of idealized high-resolution simulations of subhalo evolution, which are free from artificial disruption. We also develop a model of artificial disruption that reproduces the statistical properties of disruption in the Bolshoi simulation. Using this framework, we predict subhalo mass functions (SHMFs), number density profiles, and substructure mass fractions and study how these quantities are impacted by artificial disruption and mass resolution limits. We find that artificial disruption affects these quantities at the $10-20\%$ level, ameliorating previous concerns that it may suppress the SHMF by as much as a factor of two. We demonstrate that semi-analytical substructure modeling must include orbit integration in order to properly account for splashback haloes, which make up roughly half of the subhalo population. We show that the resolution limit of N-body simulations, rather than artificial disruption, is the primary cause of the radial bias in subhalo number density found in dark matter-only simulations. Hence, we conclude that the mass resolution remains the primary limitation of using such simulations to study subhaloes. Our model provides a fast, flexible, and accurate alternative to studying substructure statistics in the absence of both numerical resolution limits and artificial disruption.

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Section: S U M M a Ry A N D Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E T H O D Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Merger Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The tidal evolution of dark matter substructure – II. The impact of artificial disruption on subhalo mass functions and radial profiles

Green

Bosch

Jiang

2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Forming off-center massive black hole binaries in dwarf galaxies through Jacobi capture

François,

Boily,

Freundlich

et al. 2024

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It is well established that black holes reside in the central regions of virtually all types of known galaxies. Recent observational and numerical studies however challenge this picture, suggesting that intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies may be found on orbits far from the center. In particular, constant-density cores minimize orbital energy losses due to dynamical friction, and allow black holes to settle on stable off-center orbits. Using controlled simulations, we study the dynamics of off-center black holes in dwarf galaxies with such cores. We propose a new scenario to describe off-center mergers of massive black holes, starting with a Jacobi capture. We focus on initially circular and co-planar black hole orbits and explore a large parameter space of black hole masses and orbital parameters. We find that Jacobi captures are a complex and chaotic phenomenon that occurs in about $13<!PCT!>$ of cases in this simplified setup, and we quantify how the likelihood of capture depends on the simulation parameters. We note that this percentage is likely an upper limit of the general case. Nevertheless, we show that Jacobi captures in cored dwarf galaxies can facilitate the formation of off-center black hole binaries, and that this process is sufficiently common to have a substantial effect on black hole growth. While our setup only allows for temporary captures, we expect dissipative forces from baryons and post-Newtonian corrections to maintain the captures over time and to lead to the formation of stable binary systems. This motivates future studies of the effectiveness of such dissipative forces, within stripped nuclei or globular clusters, in forming stable bound systems.

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The history and mass content of cluster galaxies in the EAGLE simulation

Sifón,

Han

2024

A&A

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We explore the mass content of galaxies residing in galaxy clusters at $z=0$ in the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We also explore the galaxies' mass build-up through cosmic time. We used a galaxy catalogue generated with the algorithm, which identifies subhaloes consistently over time by tracking their dynamical evolution throughout the simulation. The satellite subhalo-to-stellar mass relation (SHSMR) is well described by a double power law, becoming increasingly steeper with stellar mass. At stellar masses $9< satellites have 20-25 the subhalo mass of central galaxies at fixed stellar mass. At high stellar masses, $ the satellite SHSMR is consistent with that of centrals. The satellite SHSMR decreases steeply for satellites closer to the cluster centre, even in projection, broadly consistent with recent weak lensing measurements. The scatter in the satellite SHSMR is larger than that of central galaxies at all cluster masses and cluster-centric distances $R<R_ 200m $. The SHSMR scatter decreases with stellar mass by about 12 over an order of magnitude, but this dependence can be explained by the mixing of infall times when binning by stellar mass. By splitting satellites into direct and indirect infallers (those that fell into their current host as a central galaxy or as the satellite of an infalling group, respectively) we clearly show the impact of pre-processing separately on satellite galaxies' dark and stellar mass. There is significant dark matter pre-processing; the most recent infallers into massive clusters ($ had already lost up to 50 of their dark matter by the time of infall, particularly if they fell in indirectly as satellites of another host. On the contrary, on average, satellite galaxies are still gaining stellar mass at the time of infall and they do so for another 2 Gyr afterwards, although we see evidence of a slowing growth for indirect infallers. How much and for how long they continue to gain stellar mass depends primarily on the gas mass fraction available at infall. Overall, pre- and post-processing have similar impacts on the satellite SHSMR. Finally, we provide a simple prescription to infer the mean mass loss experienced by satellites as a function of cluster-centric distance based on a comparison to central galaxies, convenient for observational weak lensing measurements.

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SatGen: a semi-analytical satellite galaxy generator – I. The model and its application to Local-Group satellite statistics

Cited by 71 publications

References 110 publications

The tidal evolution of dark matter substructure – II. The impact of artificial disruption on subhalo mass functions and radial profiles

The tidal evolution of dark matter substructure – II. The impact of artificial disruption on subhalo mass functions and radial profiles

Forming off-center massive black hole binaries in dwarf galaxies through Jacobi capture

The history and mass content of cluster galaxies in the EAGLE simulation

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