2010
DOI: 10.1038/nature09469
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Satellite phage TLCφ enables toxigenic conversion by CTX phage through dif site alteration

Abstract: Bacterial chromosomes often carry integrated genetic elements (e.g., plasmids, transposons, prophages, and islands) whose precise function and contribution to the evolutionary fitness of the host bacterium are unknown. The CTXϕ prophage, which encodes cholera toxin in Vibrio cholerae1, is known to be adjacent to a chromosomally integrated element of unknown function termed the toxin-linked cryptic (TLC)2. Here we report characterization of a TLC-related element that corresponds to the genome of a satellite fil… Show more

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Cited by 103 publications
(104 citation statements)
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“…In another example, the DNA element toxin-linked cryptic uses the morphogenesis genes of the filamentous phage fs2ϕ to form transducing phage particles. When this phage is integrated into the Vibrio cholerae chromosome by lysogeny, it restores the attachment site for integration of the cholera toxin-producing phage CTXϕ (21,22). Similarly, the ϕV7 prophage uses the structural genes of ϕV1 for its transmission in concert with transmission of ϕV1 DNA.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In another example, the DNA element toxin-linked cryptic uses the morphogenesis genes of the filamentous phage fs2ϕ to form transducing phage particles. When this phage is integrated into the Vibrio cholerae chromosome by lysogeny, it restores the attachment site for integration of the cholera toxin-producing phage CTXϕ (21,22). Similarly, the ϕV7 prophage uses the structural genes of ϕV1 for its transmission in concert with transmission of ϕV1 DNA.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The complete genome of TLCϕ was obtained by PCR amplification using N16961 genomic DNA as a template (15). It was labeled with a cat resistance gene and was delivered to V. cholerae by conjugation.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, IMEXs of the VGJϕ family are only very rarely found integrated in front of CTXϕ in the genome of clinical and environmental strains (4,6,7). In contrast, TLCϕ is almost invariably the first integrated element of chrI IMEX arrays (4, 6, 7), probably because its integration is a prerequisite to CTXϕ integration on this chromosome (14,15). Taken together, these results suggest that Xer recombination between attP TLC and dif1 is the most likely mechanism for the elimination of entire chrI IMEX arrays.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…It is usually found integrated downstream of CTXf in the dif site of the largest V. cholerae chromosome. 12 In contrast to RstA and PII VGJf , structural analysis of the initiator protein of TLCf, Cri, revealed striking similarity with the initiator proteins of Ff coliphages. Two domains, pfam05144 and pfam05155, are conserved in these phages.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%