Satellite observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the solar backscattered ultraviolet spectral radiometer: Evidence of a solar cycle dependence

Abstract

Measurements from space of the Earth's ultraviolet albedo are affected by scattering of sunlight from polar mesospheric clouds (PMC). We have examined 8 years of solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) albedo data and find evidence of an annual occurrence of PMC in the summertime polar cap regions of both hemispheres. We have devised a cloud selection algorithm based upon the expected spectral properties of PMC scattering and show that the albedo residuals selected by this algorithm, at least above some threshold brightness, possess the basic properties of PMC with regard to their brightness levels, their seasonal characteristics, and latitude variation. Because of the uniform sampling of the polar caps, particularly in the southern hemisphere, it is possible to examine year-to-year variations in PMC activity. We find that a significant trend is present in the PMC occurrence frequency values over the period 1978 to 1986. The increase (up to a factor of 10 at some brightness levels) in the occurrence frequency from solar maximum to solar minimum conditions indicates an anticorrelation with solar activity, an effect that also appears to be present in noctilucent cloud sightings over the past several decades. Garcia [1989] suggested that PMC should be modulated by changes in the solar Lyman-alpha (121.6 nm) flux through its strong photodissociation control of upper mesospheric water vapor. Solar Lyman-alpha underwent a significant (50%) variation during this period. Our results confirm this expectation, and thus indirectly support the current theories of PMC formation. However, other influences such as long-term changes of mesopause temperature or dynamics cannot be ruled out. We have identified two kinds of hemispherical asymmetries: the first, that PMC in the northern hemisphere is significantly brighter than in the south is consistent with previous results derived from Solar Mesosphere Explorer data; and the second, that the solar cycle response in the south is more pronounced than in the north. We show that if PMC scattering is not taken into account in the SBUV ozone retrieval algorithm, systematic errors of order 10% can occur in derived ozone concentration in the 40-50 km region of the summer polar cap.

First climatology of polar mesospheric clouds from GOMOS/ENVISAT stellar occultation instrument

“…It is obvious from this figure that the GOMOS PMC observations are peaked about 20 days after the summer solstice for both hemispheres, which is consistent with other studies on this subject (e.g. Thomas et al, 1991;Petelina et al, 2006;Lumpe et al, 2008;Fiedler et al, 2009;Robert et al, 2009). The obtained values range from approximately 10 to 80 % during the period from about 30 days before solstice to 70 days after in the North, and from 5 to 55 % from about 35 days before solstice to 55 days after in the South.…”

Noctilucent clouds and the mesospheric water vapour: the past decade

“…Hence a number of different parameters have been adopted for quantifying the brightness of a NLC layer. Examples are the slant radiance and vertical optical depth (Donahue et al, 1972), maximum directional albedo (Jensen and Thomas, 1988), integrated directional albedo (Thomas et al, 1991;DeLand et al, 2003;Shettle et al, 2004), volume emission rates in the mid-IR (O'Neil et al, 2001), or the limb scatter ratio (Merkel et al, 2003).…”

Mean diurnal variations of noctilucent clouds during 7 years of lidar observations at ALOMAR

“…(Goldberg et al, 2001), remote-sensing instruments are able to investigate NLC on a long-term basis. NLC have been studied successfully from space by various satellites (Donahue et al, 1972;Thomas et al, 1991;Hervig et al, 2001;Shettle et al, 2002;Carbary et al, 2003;DeLand et al, 2003), giving evidence that the particles consist of water ice and are found in both hemispheres at middle to high latitudes during summer.…”