Satellite-derived bathymetry from WorldView-2 based on linear and machine learning regression in the optically complex shallow water of the coral reef ecosystem of Kemujan island

Assessment of Empirical Near-Shore Bathymetry Model Using New Emerged PlanetScope Instrument and Sentinel-2 Data in Coastal Shallow Waters

“…This island is part of the Karimunjawa National Park, and has a number of local communities. Geomorphic classes that appear in the waters of this island include diverse coral reefs and variations in underwater topography [9]. The Karimunjawa Islands have unique characteristics, where the commonly found geomorphology of benthic habitats are Reef Flat, Reef Cut, Fore Reef, Bank/Shelf, and Escarpment [28].…”

“…Flat, cut, crest, front, spur, and stream on the east side. Because the change in reflectivity is dependent on both the base type's variation in reflection and the water column's energy retention, the variable base type is ideal for evaluating approaches in the field of research [9].…”

“…In the coastal sector, several studies have been carried out to test the ability of PlanetScope satellite imagery to obtain shallow water depth information, both empirically [6] and analytically [7]. However, technological developments have brought more advanced approaches based on machine learning [8] and [9] to deep learning [10] and [11]. Shallow water bathymetric information is a crucial component [9] for establishing marine conservation areas [12] and [13], input in the preparation of marine navigation maps [14], and plays an important role in inputting coastal morpho-hydrodynamic modeling data in coastal area management [ 15].…”

“…However, technological developments have brought more advanced approaches based on machine learning [8] and [9] to deep learning [10] and [11]. Shallow water bathymetric information is a crucial component [9] for establishing marine conservation areas [12] and [13], input in the preparation of marine navigation maps [14], and plays an important role in inputting coastal morpho-hydrodynamic modeling data in coastal area management [ 15]. The important role of shallow water bathymetric information is directly proportional to the various methods developed to obtain increasingly precise accuracy.…”

“…Accuracy is still a "Pandora's box" that continues to haunt the results of SDB processing, and is an issue that continues to be studied in depth and reported on an ongoing basis [9], depending on variations in the quality of satellite imagery [17], the quality and content of aquatic suspensions [18], and mapping methods [19]. Two general approaches used to obtain shallow water depth via satellite include physicsbased with the assumption of a radiation transfer model [17] and [20], and empirical algorithm-based developed by [21] and [22] combined with multiple regression and log spectral ratio regression [17].…”