Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth’s Heating Rate

Loeb, Norman G.; Johnson, Gregory C.; Thorsen, Tyler J.; Lyman, John M.; Rose, Fred G.; Kato, Seiji

doi:10.1029/2021gl093047

Cited by 137 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We could identify the effect of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from 2001 to 2020 in the "Clear Sky" LW part but not in the "Cloudy Areas" and not in the SW. At the same time, we find, in accordance with the analysis of Loeb et al [14] and Ollila [18], that the major changes for the TOA energy budget during this period of time stemmed from the clouds for SW and LW, as well as the ground temperature in the LW.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…A third possibility is that phase C is a combination of the natural induced A/B type and steadily warming. The enthalpy-enhancing effect of the greenhouse gases (including water vapor) is clearly visible in our analysis, however, we found, in line with other authors [14,15,18], that this effect is only one out of several other important factors. In the period 2001-2020, the greenhouse gas effect is prominent in the "Clear Sky" areas but overcompensated by the SW fluxes and cloud effects.…”

Section: Effect On the Climate System's Enthalpysupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Su et al [29] have recently pointed out the importance of maintaining the consistency among the components of the measuring system. On the other hand, Loeb et al [14], Johnson et al [30] and, also, Dewitte et al [15] have shown that the CERES net flux agrees well with the independently observed OHC data. This good agreement, also confirmed by our analysis, justifies some confidence in the CERES datasets used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Von Schuckmann et al [13] have combined radiative, ocean heat and other data to reconstruct an enthalpy curve back to 1960 and have found an accelerated heating since 2010. Recently, Loeb et al [14] found a good agreement between radiative (CERES) and OHC data for the period mid-2005 to mid-2019. These authors have further studied the influencing factors for the shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiative fluxes and concluded that cloud changes have fostered the downwelling shortwave radiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Roemmich et al [24] reported a value between 0.4 and 0.6 W/m 2 for the period of 2006-2013 for the 0-2000 m OHC. Recently, Loeb et al [14] reported a trend of 0.43 ± 0.40 W/m 2 per decade from mid-2005 to mid-2019 for the 0-2000 m OHC, compared with the trend for the net CERES TOA energy flux of 0.50 ± 0.47 W/m 2 per decade over that same time-period. The data analyzed in this paper resulted in a net flux of 0.8 W/m 2 for the period 2001-2020 and this corresponds to an enthalpy increase of about 240 ZJ during this period.…”

Section: Effect On the Climate System's Enthalpymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Radiative Energy Flux Variation from 2001–2020

Dübal¹,

Vahrenholt

2021

Atmosphere

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Radiative energy flux data, downloaded from CERES, are evaluated with respect to their variations from 2001 to 2020. We found the declining outgoing shortwave radiation to be the most important contributor for a positive TOA (top of the atmosphere) net flux of 0.8 W/m2 in this time frame. We compare clear sky with cloudy areas and find that changes in the cloud structure should be the root cause for the shortwave trend. The radiative flux data are compared with ocean heat content data and analyzed in the context of a longer-term climate system enthalpy estimation going back to the year 1750. We also report differences in the trends for the Northern and Southern hemisphere. The radiative data indicate more variability in the North and higher stability in the South. The drop of cloudiness around the millennium by about 1.5% has certainly fostered the positive net radiative flux. The declining TOA SW (out) is the major heating cause (+1.42 W/m2 from 2001 to 2020). It is almost compensated by the growing chilling TOA LW (out) (−1.1 W/m2). This leads together with a reduced incoming solar of −0.17 W/m2 to a small growth of imbalance of 0.15 W/m2. We further present surface flux data which support the strong influence of the cloud cover on the radiative budget.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Effect On the Climate System's Enthalpysupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Effect On the Climate System's Enthalpymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Radiative Energy Flux Variation from 2001–2020

Dübal¹,

Vahrenholt

2021

Atmosphere

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Health Consequences of Climate Change

Hughes,

Romanello,

Walawender

et al. 2024

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Fossil fuel use is harming human health and the resulting climate change presents a risk that has arrived substantially sooner than anticipated. Frequent and intense heat waves, storms, droughts and wildfires are causing widespread cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, malnutrition and childhood illness. Extreme weather events and associated economic losses are driving a wave of climate migration; billions more people will be displaced over the coming century. These effects being seen now are the result of only 1.14°C of warming. Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise because of increasing fossil fuel use and we are currently on track for 2.8–3.5°C of warming by the end of the century. The planet is crossing dangerous tipping points, triggering positive feedback loops in planetary heating. There is a narrow window of time during which climate action can prevent the collapse of the human ecosystem. Key Concepts Fossil fuel use is driving accelerating climate change that is bringing about the collapse of the human ecosystem. Extreme weather events, flooding, forest fires and drought are bringing about vast human suffering through cardiac disease, respiratory disease, maternal & childhood illness, malnutrition, and forced migration. Catastrophic human impacts are already being seen at only 1.14°C of warming, and greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise.

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The forgotten ocean: Why COP26 must call for vastly greater ambition and urgency to address ocean change

Laffoley

Baxter

Amon

et al. 2021

Aquatic Conservation

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1. Of all the interconnected threats facing the planet, the top two are the climate and the biodiversity crises. Neither problem will be solved if we ignore the ocean. To turn the tide in favour of humanity and a habitable planet, we need to recognize and better value the fundamental role that the ocean plays in the earth system, and prioritize the urgent action needed to heal and protect the ocean at the 'Earthscape' levelthe planetary scale at which processes to support life operate.2. The countries gathering at COP26 have unparalleled political capacity and leadership to make this happen. COP26 could be the turning point, but there must be commitment to united action for the ocean, as well as planning to meet those commitments, based on science-led solutions that address the interconnectivity of the ocean, climate, and biodiversity.

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Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth’s Heating Rate

Cited by 137 publications

References 26 publications

Radiative Energy Flux Variation from 2001–2020

Radiative Energy Flux Variation from 2001–2020

Health Consequences of Climate Change

The forgotten ocean: Why COP26 must call for vastly greater ambition and urgency to address ocean change

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