Sarton on the History of Science

Sarton, GeorgeHG

doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674432734

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Circumcision was also practiced in the prehistoric days -some believe as early as in 4000 B.C.E. This was confirmed on exhumed bodies from prehistoric graves (8). It is still questionable whether circumcision procedure originated from Egypt some 15,000 years ago and was spread throughout the world in prehistoric migrations, or developed independently in different cultures.…”

Section: Surgery Bce*mentioning

confidence: 96%

Surgery before common era (B.C.E.)

et al. 2012

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Based on skeleton examination, cave-paintings and mummies the study of prehistoric medicine tells that the surgical experience dated with skull trepanning, male circumcision and warfare wound healing. In prehistoric tribes, medicine was a mixture of magic, herbal remedy, and superstitious beliefs practiced by witch doctors. The practice of surgery was first recorded in clay tablets discovered in ancient rests of Mesopotamia, translation of which has nowadays been published in Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian Medicine. Some simple surgical procedures were performed like puncture and drainage, scraping and wound treatment. The liability of physicians who performed surgery was noted in a collection of legal decisions made by Hammurabi about the principles of relationship between doctors and patients. Other ancient cultures had also had surgical knowledge including India, China and countries in the Middle East. The part of ancient Indian ayurvedic system of medicine devoted to surgery Sushruta Samhita is a systematized experience of ancient surgical practice, recorded by Sushruta in 500 B.C.E. Ancient Indian surgeons were highly skilled and familiar with a lot of surgical procedures and had pioneered plastic surgery. In the ancient Egyptian Empire medicine and surgery developed mostly in temples: priests were also doctors or surgeons, well specialized and educated. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, the world’s oldest surviving surgical text, was written in the 17th century B.C.E., probably based on material from a thousand years earlier. This papyrus is actually a textbook on trauma surgery, and describes anatomical observation and examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous injuries in detail. Excavated mummies reveal some of the surgical procedures performed in the ancient Egypt: excision of the tumors, puncture and drainage pus abscesses, dentistry, amputation and even skull trepanation, always followed by magic and spiritual procedures. Various types of instruments were innovated, in the beginning made of stone and bronze, later of iron. Under the Egyptian influence, surgery was developed in ancient Greece and in Roman Empire. Prosperity of surgery was mostly due to practice in treating numerous battlefield injuries. Records from the pre-Hippocrates period are poor, but after him, according to many writings, medicine and surgery became a science, medical schools were formed all over the Mediterranean, and surgeons were well-trained professionals. Ancient surgery closed a chapter when Roman Empire declined, standing-by up to the 18th century when restoration of the whole medicine began

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Section: Surgery Bce*mentioning

confidence: 96%

Surgery before common era (B.C.E.)

et al. 2012

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“…George Sarton claims that only Ibn Khaldun's mind in medieval succeeded in providing a philosophical and sociological analysis of the events of his time, because similar events occurred in other parts of the world, especially in Europe, but no one even thought that think about these events and it is Ibn Khaldun who, as a historian, philosopher, sociologist, economist, politician, meticulous researcher of humanities, and a historian of science, was eager to study and analyze past in order to understand present and future. 13…”

Section: Intellectual Induction Fall Of Andalusia Cities Analogy Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ibn Khaldun as a paradigm for the past and future of sociology and humanity

Shahidipak¹

2020

SIJ

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“…The first thermometer is a glass vessel with a water column, which may be invented by Heron of Alexandria in the first century B.C. The famous mercury thermometer is invented by Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714 [18].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Continuous Body Temperature Measurement Using Multiple Artificial Neural Networks

Song

Zeng

Wang

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.

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Continuous body temperature measurement (CBTM) is of great significance for human health state monitoring. To avoid interfering with users' daily activities, CBTM is usually achieved using wearable noninvasive thermometers. Current wearable noninvasive thermometers employ steady-state models used in nonwearable thermometers; as a result, the reaction time is long and the measurement can be disturbed by users' activities. However, there is no work to solve these issues. In this paper, first, differences between wearable and nonwearable temperature measurement are analyzed. Second, the relationship among the human body temperature, the skin temperature, and the device temperature is modeled based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). Third, this paper proposes a novel multiple ANNsbased wearable CBTM method. Experiments show that the reaction time of the proposed method is about one-tenth of that of other popular wearable noninvasive CBTM methods, while the accuracy and the robustness are improved.Index Terms-Artificial neural network (ANN), continues body temperature measurement (CBTM), noninvasive, wearable computing.

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Sarton on the History of Science

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Surgery before common era (B.C.E.)

Surgery before common era (B.C.E.)

Ibn Khaldun as a paradigm for the past and future of sociology and humanity

Wearable Continuous Body Temperature Measurement Using Multiple Artificial Neural Networks

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