SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA Is Detected in the Bone Marrow in Post-Mortem Samples Using RT-LAMP

Rorat, Marta; Szleszkowski, Łukasz; Tokarski, Miron; Pielka, Izabela; Małodobra-Mazur, Małgorzata

doi:10.3390/diagnostics12020515

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The maximum PMI range was 6 days. Another study [ 21 ] detected viral RNA in the bone marrow (2/2, 100%) at 12 days postmortem using the real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method and confirmed with agarose gel electrophoresis. At skin level, a study of deceased bodies of COVID-19 decedents reported the RNA persisted in swab specimens of hands (14/24, 58.3%), wrists (14/24, 58.3%), shoulders and hips (13/24, 54.16%), and body bag surface (6/24, 25%) with PMI of 0–17 days [ 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses: a systematic review

Putra

Hidayat

Zhuhra

2022

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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The persistence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in different postmortem COVID-19 specimens remain unclear despite numerous published studies. This information is essential to improve corpses management related to clinical biosafety and viral transmission in medical staff and the public community. We aim to understand SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses. We conducted a systematic review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocols. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using specific keywords. We critically reviewed the collected studies and selected the articles that met the criteria. We included 33 scientific papers that involved 491 COVID-19 corpses. The persistence rate and maximum postmortem interval (PMI) range of the SARS-CoV-2 findings were reported in the lungs (138/155, 89.0%; 4 months), followed by the vitreous humor (7/37, 18.9%; 3 months), nasopharynx/oropharynx (156/248, 62.9%; 41 days), abdominal organs (67/110, 60.9%; 17 days), skin (14/24, 58.3%; 17 days), brain (14/31, 45.2%; 17 days), bone marrow (2/2, 100%; 12 days), heart (31/69, 44.9%; 6 days), muscle tissues (9/83, 10.8%; 6 days), trachea (9/20, 45.0%; 5 days), and perioral tissues (21/24, 87.5%; 3.5 days). SARS-CoV-2 infectivity rates in viral culture studies were detected in the lungs (9/15, 60%), trachea (2/4, 50%), oropharynx (1/4, 25%), and perioral (1/4, 25%) at a maximum PMI range of 17 days. The SARS-CoV-2 persists in the human body months after death and should be infectious for weeks. This data should be helpful for postmortem COVID-19 management and viral transmission preventive strategy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses: a systematic review

Putra

Hidayat

Zhuhra

2022

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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“…The hyper-activation of T cells is a well-studied mechanism in chronic viral infections ( 108 ) and is often dependent on the levels of viral persistence in the circulation. The reason for the prolonged activation of T cells in COVID-19 could be owing to the persistence of viral antigens in the bone marrow, that indirectly affect the circulating lymphocytes ( 109 ). In addition, this may also be attributed to an ongoing chronic inflammation resulting from fibrosis/on-going tissue repair in the lung of patients recovering from COVID-19 ( 110 , 111 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19

et al. 2022

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COVID-19 is being extensively studied, and much remains unknown regarding the long-term consequences of the disease on immune cells. The different arms of the immune system are interlinked, with humoral responses and the production of high-affinity antibodies being largely dependent on T cell immunity. Here, we longitudinally explored the effect COVID-19 has on T cell populations and the virus-specific T cells, as well as neutralizing antibody responses, for 6-7 months following hospitalization. The CD8+ TEMRA and exhausted CD57+ CD8+ T cells were markedly affected with elevated levels that lasted long into convalescence. Further, markers associated with T cell activation were upregulated at inclusion, and in the case of CD69+ CD4+ T cells this lasted all through the study duration. The levels of T cells expressing negative immune checkpoint molecules were increased in COVID-19 patients and sustained for a prolonged duration following recovery. Within 2-3 weeks after symptom onset, all COVID-19 patients developed anti-nucleocapsid IgG and spike-neutralizing IgG as well as SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses. In addition, we found alterations in follicular T helper (TFH) cell populations, such as enhanced TFH-TH2 following recovery from COVID-19. Our study revealed significant and long-term alterations in T cell populations and key events associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis.

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“…The hyper-activation of T cells is a well-studied mechanism in chronic viral infections [98] and is often dependent on the levels of viral persistence in the circulation. The reason for the prolonged activation of T cells in COVID-19 could be owing to the persistence of viral antigens in the bone marrow, that indirectly affect the circulating lymphocytes [99]. In addition, this may also be attributed to an ongoing chronic inflammation resulting from fibrosis/on-going tissue repair in the lung of patients’ recovering from COVID-19 [100, 101].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term T cell perturbations and waning antibody levels in individuals needing hospitalization for COVID-19

Govender

Hopkins

Göransson

et al. 2022

Preprint

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COVID-19 is being extensively studied, and much remains unknown regarding the long-term consequences of the disease on immune cells. The different arms of the immune system are interlinked, with humoral responses and the production of high-affinity antibodies being largely dependent on T cell immunity. Here, we longitudinally explored the effect COVID-19 has on T cell populations and the virus-specific T cells, as well as neutralizing antibody responses, for 6-7 months following hospitalization. The CD8+ TEMRA and exhausted CD57+CD8+ T cells were markedly affected with elevated levels that lasted long into convalescence. Further, markers associated with T-cell activation were upregulated at the inclusion, and in the case of CD69+CD4+ T cells this lasted all through the study duration. The levels of T cells expressing negative immune checkpoint molecules were increased in COVID-19 patients and sustained for a prolonged duration following recovery. Within 2-3 weeks after symptom onset, all COVID-19 patients developed anti-nucleocapsid IgG and spike-neutralizing IgG as well as SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses. In addition, we found alterations in follicular T helper (TFH) cell populations, such as enhanced TFH-TH2 following recovery from COVID-19. Our study revealed significant and long-term alterations in T cell populations and key events associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis.

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SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA Is Detected in the Bone Marrow in Post-Mortem Samples Using RT-LAMP

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses: a systematic review

SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses: a systematic review

T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19

Long-term T cell perturbations and waning antibody levels in individuals needing hospitalization for COVID-19

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