SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces mucosal antibody responses in previously infected individuals

Sano, Kaori; Bhavsar, Disha; Singh, Gagandeep; Floda, Daniel; Srivastava, Komal; Gleason, Charles; Amoako, Angela; Andre, Dalles; Beach, Katherine F.; Bermudez-Gonzalez, Maria; Cai, Gianna; Cognigni, Christian; Kawabata, Hisaaki; Kleiner, Giulio; Lyttle, Neko; Mendez, Wanni A.; Mulder, Lubbertus C. F.; Oostenink, Annika; Raskin, Ariel; Rooker, Aria; Russo, Kayla; Salimbangon, Ashley Beathrese T.; Saksena, Miti; Sominsky, Levy A.; Tcheou, Johnstone; Wajnberg, Ania; Carreño, Juan Manuel; Simon, Viviana; Krammer, Florian

doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32389-8

Cited by 100 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…In individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, mucosal IgA responses after intramuscular (IM) SARS-CoV-2 vaccination appear relatively weak and short-lived. 22 , 23 , 24 Intranasal (IN) SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is thus immunologically attractive, and potentially complementary to the effectiveness of intramuscular SARS-CoV-2 vaccination against severe systemic consequences of infection. 25 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerability and immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: An open-label partially-randomised ascending dose phase I trial

et al. 2022

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerability and immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: An open-label partially-randomised ascending dose phase I trial

et al. 2022

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“…Previous studies have shown that mucosal immunity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is weaker after vaccination compared to post-infection immunity [31]. In addition, COVID-19 infection prior to vaccination was shown to induce a better secretion of antigen-specific mucosal secretory IgA to the saliva, compared to vaccination alone [32]. Our findings further suggest that mRNA-vaccines induced an IgA response in milk and in blood, but to a lower extent compared to hybrid immunity from vaccination and COVID-19 infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Milk antibody response after 3rd dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and implications for infant protection

Golan

Ilala

Gay

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have been found in human-milk after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. However, little is known about their persistence in milk after booster vaccination and breakthrough infection. In this study, human-milk, saliva and blood samples were collected from 33 lactating individuals before and after mRNA-based vaccination and COVID-19 breakthrough infections. Antibody levels were measured using ELISA and symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. Evaluation of maternal and infant symptomatology revealed that infected mothers reported more symptoms than vaccinated mothers. We found that after vaccination, human-milk anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persisted for up to 8 months. In addition, distinct patterns of human milk IgA and IgG production we observed after breakthrough infection compared to 3-dose vaccination series alone, indicating a differential central and mucosal immune profiles in hybrid compared with vaccine-induced immunity. To investigate passively-derived milk antibody protection in infants, we examined the persistence of these antibodies in infant saliva after breastfeeding. We found that IgA was more abundant in infant saliva compared to IgG and persist in infant saliva longer after feeding. Our results delineate the differences in milk antibody response to vaccination as compared to breakthrough infection and emphasize the importance of improving the secretion of IgA antibodies to human milk after vaccination to improve the protection of breastfeeding infants.

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“…This finding concurs with other observations, where similar increases were found [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces mucosal antibody responses that correlate well with antibody concentration in the circulation, which supports the use of serum antibody level to evaluate immunity [ 12 ]. In our cohort, there was a 7.2-fold increase in antibody levels from the first to second dose, and a 1.5-fold increase from the second to third dose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Quantitative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Serological Responses Post Three Doses of Immunization and Prior to Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections

et al. 2022

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Background: Vaccine mediated SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses should be carefully evaluated. With regular follow-up in healthy individuals, we aimed to determine SARS-CoV-2 serological responses post three doses of immunization and prior to breakthrough infections in the Canadian population. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, we enrolled 140 healthy participants post COVID-19 vaccination in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor–binding domain were quantified by immunoassay post three doses of immunization. With COVID-19 rapid antigen test, polymerase chain reaction, and whole genome sequencing, 27 breakthrough infections were identified. Results: Following SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (including BNT162b2, AZD1222, and mRNA-1273), the median serum anti-spike protein antibody level was 143.6 BAU/mL (binding antibody unit, interquartile range 79.0–266.6) post the first dose of immunization, 1046.4 BAU/mL (423.9–1738.2) post the second dose, and 1604.7 BAU/mL (700.1–3764.0) post the third dose. Observed differences were significant (p ≤ 0.001). The median antibody level of 1604.7 BAU/mL post third dose is 45.6 times that of the seroconversion level (35.2 BAU/mL). This indicates that most vaccines approved are effective in producing robust antibody responses. In seven breakthrough cases characterized by whole genome sequencing, prior to infection, antibody concentrations of breakthrough cases were at 3249.4 (Delta), 2748.4 (Delta), 4893.9 (Omicron), 209.1 (Omicron), and 231.5 (Omicron), 725.7 (Omicron), and 2346.6 (Omicron) BAU/mL. Compared with the average antibody concentration of 2057.7 BAU/mL (58 times that of the seroconversion concentration) from above seven cases, 37.2% of triple vaccinated, 19.0% of double vaccinated, and 1.5% single dosed individuals have higher SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Conclusions: Most vaccines are effective in producing robust antibody responses when more than one dose is given, and the more doses the higher the serological response. Likely due to the highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2 variants, a significant number of participants have SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses lower than the average antibody concentration prior to the known breakthrough infections. Additional vaccination is likely required to ensure immunity against infection by SARS-CoV-2.

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces mucosal antibody responses in previously infected individuals

Cited by 100 publications

References 31 publications

Tolerability and immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: An open-label partially-randomised ascending dose phase I trial

Tolerability and immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: An open-label partially-randomised ascending dose phase I trial

Milk antibody response after 3rd dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and implications for infant protection

Quantitative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Serological Responses Post Three Doses of Immunization and Prior to Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections

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