SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics: how far do we stand from a remedy?

Singh, Anurag; Gupta, Vandana

doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00204-0

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 154 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…Its expansive genome consists of 14 open reading frames (ORFs) encoded for 27 different proteins. This betacoronavirus shares homology with other important zoonotic viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS CoV, both of which have caused severe outbreaks in the past [1,2,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Analysis of B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant of SARS-CoV-2

Shahanshah¹,

JAİN²,

Sharma³

et al. 2022

Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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The emergence of numerous variants of SARS-CoV-2 has caused massive setbacks and prolonged the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the variants are still under investigation, while some have become a reason of grave concern. One such variant is B.1.617.2, known as the Delta variant, which was first detected in India. A comprehensive analysis and comparison of this particular variant have been done to the original Wuhan strain, and the possible reasons behind rapid mutation have also been discussed.A comprehensive literature search was done to summarize the information on the variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the reasons behind their mutation, with a significant focus on the B.1.617.2 variant. Data were collected from various online sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Worldometer, WHO, CDC, and GISAID. In addition, 3D structures of spike proteins were obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB).The data shows that the spike protein of the B.1.617.2 strain is highly mutated and has accumulated eight amino acid changes. Besides spike protein, changes in non-structural proteins (nsP2, nsP3, nsP4, nsP12, and nsP15), other structural proteins (nucleocapsid and membrane protein), and accessory proteins (ns3, ns7a) have been observed as well. Furthermore, in almost all the variants of SARS-CoV-2, D614G mutation occurs, suggesting its role in increased infectivity and transmission.New variants are continuously emerging on which we have no control. Spike mutations are more favored and essential in the evolution of new variants because it increases the transmissibility and infectivity of the virus. Therefore, to maximally protect public health, knowledge of different variants is essential.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mild infection may develop into severe complications like Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) or severe pneumonia and increase the chances of fatality in patients with comorbidities. Additionally, some individuals may remain asymptomatic and effectively transmit the pathogen [1,2,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant of SARS-CoV-2

Shahanshah¹,

JAİN²,

Sharma³

et al. 2022

Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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“…The coronavirus pandemic of 2019-2022 has caused over 5,300,000 deaths in over 272,000,000 confirmed cases by late 2021; the United States of America has been the most direly affected of all countries in the world, suffering nearly 15% of all fatalities [1]. The etiologic agent is the Betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19), first identified in late 2019 in Wuhan, China [2]. Because the world population is naïve to this novel virus, extraordinary mortality has been experienced, and the need for effective therapeutics remains urgent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide variety of approaches have been taken toward the development of therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Small-molecule drugs identified include remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), lopinavir, camostat, umifenovir (Arabidiol®), chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, ivermectin, and glucocorticoids [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Interferons and immunoglobulins have also been explored [15,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Modeling and Preliminary Clinical Data Suggesting Antiviral Activity for Chlorpheniramine (Chlorphenamine) Against COVID-19

Black¹

2022

Cureus

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Chlorpheniramine maleate, a widely used over-the-counter antihistamine, has been identified as a structural analog of aminoquinolines known to possess antiviral activity against the Betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Structural similarities include the chlorophenyl group, pyridine ring, alkyl sidechain, and terminal tertiary amine; the comparison of aqueous energy-minimized structures indicates significant three-dimensional similarity as well. Preliminary clinical evidence supports these conclusions. The present study suggests that chlorpheniramine possesses antiviral activity against COVID-19.

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“…Recently, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed to control COVID-19 (13,14). However, specific direct anti-SARS-CoV-2, anti-SARS-CoV or anti-MERS-CoV therapeutics are still highly needed for effective treatment of moderate and severe cases to reduce overall mortality rate (15)(16)(17). There are several points of attack for potential anti-SARS-CoV-2/SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV therapies, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Comparison of RNA-Seq Data of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Infections: Alternative Entry Routes and Innate Immune Responses

Cao

Kitanovski

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundThe pathogenesis of COVID-19 emerges as complex, with multiple factors leading to injury of different organs. Some of the studies on aspects of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and innate immunity have produced seemingly contradictory claims. In this situation, a comprehensive comparative analysis of a large number of related datasets from several studies could bring more clarity, which is imperative for therapy development.MethodsWe therefore performed a comprehensive comparative study, analyzing RNA-Seq data of infections with SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, including data from different types of cells as well as COVID-19 patients. Using these data, we investigated viral entry routes and innate immune responses.Results and ConclusionFirst, our analyses support the existence of cell entry mechanisms for SARS and SARS-CoV-2 other than the ACE2 route with evidence of inefficient infection of cells without expression of ACE2; expression of TMPRSS2/TPMRSS4 is unnecessary for efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection with evidence of efficient infection of A549 cells transduced with a vector expressing human ACE2. Second, we find that innate immune responses in terms of interferons and interferon simulated genes are strong in relevant cells, for example Calu3 cells, but vary markedly with cell type, virus dose, and virus type.

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SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics: how far do we stand from a remedy?

Cited by 19 publications

References 154 publications

Comparative Analysis of B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant of SARS-CoV-2

Comparative Analysis of B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant of SARS-CoV-2

Molecular Modeling and Preliminary Clinical Data Suggesting Antiviral Activity for Chlorpheniramine (Chlorphenamine) Against COVID-19

Comprehensive Comparison of RNA-Seq Data of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Infections: Alternative Entry Routes and Innate Immune Responses

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