SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic reinfection among patients with primary antibody deficiency

Marcus, Nufar; Ashkenazi‐Hoffnung, Liat; Ovadia, Adi; Dalal, Ilan; Yoffe, Siril; Kropach, Nesia; Zuckerman, Neta S.; Scheuerman, Oded

doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.05.004

Cited by 3 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“… 15 , 16 , 44 , 81 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 102 , 105 , 109 , 111 , 115 Third, duration of disease—likely a result of prolonged viremia and virus shedding—was longer (1-6 months vs 1-2 weeks), and the likelihood of reinfection was greater, than observed for the general population. 46 , 55 , 59 , 77 , 83 , 84 , 92 , 99 , 100 , 104 , 106 , 107 , 116 Thus, COVID-19 generally manifests clinically at a younger age, runs a more protracted course, and has a more severe outcome requiring hospitalization and/or ICU admission in many individuals with IEI compared to the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population ( Fig 2 ). 16 , 44 This is reminiscent of findings for SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with cystic fibrosis.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Infection Covid-19 and Ieimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 viremia/virus shedding are prolonged in many B-cell–deficient/agammaglobulinemia patients, resulting in pneumonia requiring extended or multiple hospital stays, as well as numerous treatments to control viral infection. 46 , 55 , 60 , 61 , 85 , 86 , 99 , 100 , 104 , 116 , 139 There have also been reports of chronic and/or repeated infections with worse outcomes than primary infection before vaccination, as well as breakthrough infections after vaccination in some XL agammaglobulinemia (XLA) patients. 100 , 104 , 109 , 116 , 140 Similar observations in terms of relapsing COVID-19, as well as reinfection and/or sustained infection with SARS-CoV-2, have been made for patients with primary antibody deficiencies, 82 , 104 , 116 further underscoring an important role for secreted immunoglobulin in controlling and clearing viral infection and attenuating disease.…”

Section: B Cells and Protective Igg In Host Defense Against Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 46 , 55 , 60 , 61 , 85 , 86 , 99 , 100 , 104 , 116 , 139 There have also been reports of chronic and/or repeated infections with worse outcomes than primary infection before vaccination, as well as breakthrough infections after vaccination in some XL agammaglobulinemia (XLA) patients. 100 , 104 , 109 , 116 , 140 Similar observations in terms of relapsing COVID-19, as well as reinfection and/or sustained infection with SARS-CoV-2, have been made for patients with primary antibody deficiencies, 82 , 104 , 116 further underscoring an important role for secreted immunoglobulin in controlling and clearing viral infection and attenuating disease. These findings from analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with congenital B-cell deficiency are also supported by studies of patients with rheumatic/musculoskeletal autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus) who are treated with B-cell–depleting therapies such as rituximab.…”

Section: B Cells and Protective Igg In Host Defense Against Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 on patients with inborn errors of immunity

Abel¹,

Al-Muhsen²,

Aiuti³

et al. 2023

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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Section: Sars-cov-2 Infection Covid-19 and Ieimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Cells and Protective Igg In Host Defense Against Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Cells and Protective Igg In Host Defense Against Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 on patients with inborn errors of immunity

Abel¹,

Al-Muhsen²,

Aiuti³

et al. 2023

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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“…I have read the article titled “SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic reinfection among patients with primary antibody deficiency” by Marcus et al 1 with great interest. I have several questions/concerns about their reinfected immunodeficient cases and managing these patients.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ameratunga et al 5 demonstrated that patients with primary immunodeficiency, including common variable immune deficiency, have been described with sustained viral shedding, termed “chronic COVID-19.” There are 3 patients with XLA and patients with XLA who are recognized as unable to produce sufficient antibodies to clear SARS-CoV-2 causing persistent/chronic infection. 1 Is not this more probable? Do the authors know that their reinfected cases were infected with the same or different variants of SARS-CoV-2?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 reinfection or persistence among immunodeficient patients

Özdemir¹

2023

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

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Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with inborn errors of immunity (primary immunodeficiencies): a systematic review

Alhumaid,

Al Mutared,

Al Alawi

et al. 2023

Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol

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Background Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are considered significant challenges for children with IEIs, their families, and their medical providers. Infections are the most common complication of IEIs and children can acquire coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) even when protective measures are taken. Objectives To estimate the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with IEIs and analyse the demographic parameters, clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in children with IEIs with COVID-19 illness. Methods For this systematic review, we searched ProQuest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus and Nature through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guideline for studies on the development of COVID-19 in children with IEIs, published from December 1, 2019 to February 28, 2023, with English language restriction. Results Of the 1095 papers that were identified, 116 articles were included in the systematic review (73 case report, 38 cohort 4 case-series and 1 case–control studies). Studies involving 710 children with IEIs with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. Among all 710 IEIs pediatric cases who acquired SARS-CoV-2, some children were documented to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 119, 16.8%), intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation (n = 87, 12.2%), suffered acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 98, 13.8%) or died (n = 60, 8.4%). Overall, COVID-19 in children with different IEIs patents resulted in no or low severity of disease in more than 76% of all included cases (COVID-19 severity: asymptomatic = 105, mild = 351, or moderate = 88). The majority of children with IEIs received treatment for COVID-19 (n = 579, 81.5%). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) due to COVID-19 in children with IEIs occurred in 103 (14.5%). Fatality in children with IEIs with COVID-19 was reported in any of the included IEIs categories for cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies (n = 19, 18.6%), immune dysregulatory diseases (n = 17, 17.9%), innate immunodeficiencies (n = 5, 10%), bone marrow failure (n = 1, 14.3%), complement deficiencies (n = 1, 9.1%), combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features (n = 7, 5.5%), phagocytic diseases (n = 3, 5.5%), autoinflammatory diseases (n = 2, 3%) and predominantly antibody deficiencies (n = 5, 2.5%). Mortality was COVID-19-related in a considerable number of children with IEIs (29/60, 48.3%). The highest ICU admission and fatality rates were observed in cases belonging to cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies (26.5% and 18.6%) and immune dysregulatory diseases (35.8% and 17.9%) groups, especially in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 who suffered severe combined immunodeficiency (28.6% and 23.8%), combined immunodeficiency (25% and 15%), familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (40% and 20%), X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases-1 (75% and 75%) and X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases-2 (50% and 50%) compared to the other IEIs cases. Conclusion Children with IEIs infected with SARS-CoV-2 may experience higher rates of ICU admission and mortality in comparison with the immunocompetent pediatric populations. Underlying immune defects does seem to be independent risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with IEIs, a number of children with SCID and CID were reported to have prolonged infections–though the number of patients is small–but especially immune dysregulation diseases (XLP1 and XLP2) and innate immunodeficiencies impairing type I interferon signalling (IFNAR1, IFNAR2 and TBK1).

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SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic reinfection among patients with primary antibody deficiency

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 on patients with inborn errors of immunity

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 on patients with inborn errors of immunity

SARS-CoV-2 reinfection or persistence among immunodeficient patients

Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with inborn errors of immunity (primary immunodeficiencies): a systematic review

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