SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Elicits Cell Signaling in Human Host Cells: Implications for Possible Consequences of COVID-19 Vaccines

Suzuki, Yuichiro; Gychka, Sergiy G.

doi:10.3390/vaccines9010036

Cited by 62 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The latter is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor. A C-terminal membrane-proximal S2 subunit contains the essential elements and is responsible for fusion of the viral and cellular membranes ( 11 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ). This subunit has four parts including an internal membrane fusion peptide (FP), two 7-peptide repeats, a membrane-proximal external region, and a transmembrane domain (TM) ( 15 , 21 , 23 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RBD is located in the CTD ( 13 , 15 ). The structural parts within the S2 subunit include three long α-helices, multiple α-helical segments, extended twisted β-sheets, membrane-spanning α-helix, and an intracellular cysteine-rich segment ( 11 , 15 , 22 , 25 ). The PRRA sequence motif located between the S1 and S2 subunits in SARS-CoV-2 presents a furin-cleavage site.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the S2 subunit, there is a second proteolytic cleavage site S20, upstream of the fusion peptide. Both these cleavage sites participate in viral entry into host cells ( 11 , 15 , 22 ) ( Figure 1 ).

Figure 1 xxxx …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 [Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda] on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines

Mohammadi

Shayestehpour

Mirzaei

2021

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

106

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Since the first described human infection with SARS-CoV-2 in December of 2019 many subunit protein vaccines have been proposed for use in humans. Subunit vaccines use one or more antigens suitable for eliciting a robust immune response. However, the major concern is the efficacy of subunit vaccines and elicited antibodies to neutralize the variants of SARS-CoV-2 like B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and P1 (Gamma), B.1.617 (Delta) and C.37 (Lambda). The Spike protein (S) is a potential fragment for use as an antigen in vaccine development. This protein plays a crucial role in the first step of the infection process, as it binds to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and enters the host cell after binding. Immunization-induced specific antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD) may block and effectively prevent virus invasion. The focus of this review is the impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda) on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines. To date, a low or no significant impact on vaccine efficacy against Alpha and Delta variants has been reported. Such an impact on vaccine efficacy for Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Lambda variants may be even greater compared to the Alpha variant. Nonetheless, more comprehensive analyses are needed to assess the real impact on vaccine efficacy brought about by SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 [Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda] on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines

Mohammadi

Shayestehpour

Mirzaei

2021

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Similarities between gp120 and the spike protein should further be explored to determine the possible mechanisms shared by the two viruses (i.e., SARS-CoV-2 and HIV) that have been the major sources of the health crisis. The actions of these viral membrane fusion proteins on the cardiovascular system should carefully be considered to develop safe and effective vaccines [108,117].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for the Molecular Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

Seeherman

Suzuki

2021

IJMS

Self Cite

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The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While this respiratory virus only causes mild symptoms in younger healthy individuals, elderly people and those with cardiovascular diseases such as systemic hypertension are susceptible to developing severe conditions that can be fatal. SARS-CoV-2 infection is also associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome, and thromboembolism. Understanding the mechanisms of the effects of this virus on the cardiovascular system should thus help develop therapeutic strategies to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since this virus causes severe and fatal conditions in older individuals with cardiovascular comorbidities, effective therapies targeting specific populations will likely contribute to ending this pandemic. In this review article, the effects of various viruses—including other coronaviruses, influenza, dengue, and human immunodeficiency virus—on the cardiovascular system are described to help provide molecular mechanisms of pathologies associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. The goal is to provide mechanistic information from the biology of other viral infections in relation to cardiovascular pathologies for the purpose of developing improved vaccines and therapeutic agents effective in preventing and/or treating the acute and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.

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“…Pfizer/BioNTech has also developed a vaccine that can only encode the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein. On the other hand, Oxford/AstraZeneca's vaccines such as AZD1222 uses a non-replicating chimpanzee adenovirus vector [ 51 ].…”

Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of existing drug and drug targets for COVID-19 management

2021

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In December 2019, a highly transmissible, pneumonia epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), erupted in China and other countries, resulting in devastation and health crisis worldwide currently. The search and using existing drugs support to curb the current highly contagious viral infection is spirally increasing since the pandemic began. This is based on these drugs had against other related RNA-viruses such as MERS–Cov, and SARS-Cov. Moreover, researchers are scrambling to identify novel drug targets and discover novel therapeutic options to vanquish the current pandemic. Since there is no definitive treatment to control Covid-19 vaccines are remain to be a lifeline. Currently, many vaccine candidates are being developed with most of them are reported to have positive results. Therapeutic targets such as helicases, transmembrane serine protease 2, cathepsin L, cyclin G-associated kinase, adaptor-associated kinase 1, two-pore channel, viral virulence factors, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, suppression of excessive inflammatory response, inhibition of viral membrane, nucleocapsid, envelope, and accessory proteins, and inhibition of endocytosis were identified as a potential target against COVID-19 infection. This review also summarizes plant-based medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 such as saposhnikoviae divaricata, lonicerae japonicae flos, scutellaria baicalensis, lonicera japonicae, and some others. Thus, this review aimed to focus on the most promising therapeutic targets being repurposed against COVID-19 and viral elements that are used in COVID-19 vaccine candidates.

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Elicits Cell Signaling in Human Host Cells: Implications for Possible Consequences of COVID-19 Vaccines

Cited by 62 publications

References 44 publications

The impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 [Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda] on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines

The impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 [Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda] on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines

Viral Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for the Molecular Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

Roles of existing drug and drug targets for COVID-19 management

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