SARS-CoV-2: Some Aspects of Molecular Evolution, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Immune System Mechanism Elusion

Quirino, Angela; Marascio, Nadia; Barreca, Giorgio Settimo; Gallo, Luigia; Giancotti, Aida; Lamberti, Angelo Giuseppe; Peronace, Cinzia; Trecarichi, Enrico Maria; Fusco, Paolo; Mazzitelli, Maria; Divenuto, Francesca; Pavia, Grazia; Suraci, Angela; Matera, Giovanni; Liberto, Maria Carla

doi:10.3390/app112411605

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 72 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Very close to diagnostic methods, sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 genome helps in understanding the pathogenicity and transmissibility of variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOI) [ 13 ]. Indeed, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), delta (B.1.617.2), gamma (P.1) and omicron (B.1.1.529) VOCs were related to an increase in transmissibility, severe diseases and reduced vaccine efficacy, while lambda (C.37) and mu (B.1.621) VOIs showed a reduced antibody neutralization and increased transmissibility of infection [ 14 , 15 ]. To date, omicron is becoming the more prevalent VOC worldwide; it is phylogenetically distinct from any known variants, and it is classified in several sublineages, BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4 and BA.5 [ 16 ].…”

Section: New Advances In Microbiological Diagnosis Of Sars-cov-2 Infe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological and Clinical Findings of SARS-CoV-2 Infection after 2 Years of Pandemic: From Lung to Gut Microbiota

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Early recognition and prompt management are crucial for improving survival in COVID-19 patients, and after 2 years of the pandemic, many efforts have been made to obtain an early diagnosis. A key factor is the use of fast microbiological techniques, considering also that COVID-19 patients may show no peculiar signs and symptoms that may differentiate COVID-19 from other infective or non-infective diseases. These techniques were developed to promptly identify SARS-CoV-2 infection and to prevent viral spread and transmission. However, recent data about clinical, radiological and laboratory features of COVID-19 at time of hospitalization could help physicians in early suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection and distinguishing it from other etiologies. The knowledge of clinical features and microbiological techniques will be crucial in the next years when the endemic circulation of SARS-CoV-2 will be probably associated with clusters of infection. In this review we provide a state of the art about new advances in microbiological and clinical findings of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients with a focus on pulmonary and extrapulmonary characteristics, including the role of gut microbiota.

show abstract

Section: New Advances In Microbiological Diagnosis Of Sars-cov-2 Infe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological and Clinical Findings of SARS-CoV-2 Infection after 2 Years of Pandemic: From Lung to Gut Microbiota

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…New biological agents, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) (infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab), anti-integrin α 4 β 7 (vedolizumab), anti-IL12/23 (ustekinumab) monoclonal antibodies and, most recently, small molecules (Janus kinase [JAK] inhibitors), have improved IBD management [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Although these regimens were the keystone of long-standing IBD disease remission by suppressing immune responses, they have raised concerns in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic era [ 11 , 12 ]. Indeed, it is well known that anti-TNFα agents have variable effects on vaccine effectiveness, as already demonstrated for influenza, pneumococcus , tetanus, and viral hepatitis [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shot Preserves T Cells Immune Response Based on Interferon-Gamma Release Assay in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients on Anti-TNFα Treatment

et al. 2023

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Immune-modifying treatment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) impairs the humoral response. The role of T lymphocytes in this setting is still unclear. This study aims to assess if a booster shot (third dose) of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine enhanced the humoral response and elicited cellular immunity in IBD patients on different immuno-therapy regimens compared to healthy controls (HCs). Five months after a booster dose, serological and T-cell responses were assessed. The measurements were described using geometric means with 95% confidence intervals. The differences between study groups were assessed by Mann–Whitney tests. Seventy-seven subjects (n = 53 IBD patients and n = 24 HCs), who were fully vaccinated and not previously SARS-CoV-2 infected, were recruited. Regarding the IBD patients, 19 were affected by Crohn’s disease and 34 by ulcerative colitis. During the vaccination cycle, half of the patients (53%) were on stable treatment with aminosalicylates, and 32% were on biological therapy. No differences in antibody concentrations between IBD patients and HCs, nor T-cell responses, were found. Stratifying IBD patients based on the type of treatment (anti-TNFα agents vs. other treatment regimens), a decrease only in antibody titer (p = 0.008), but not in cellular response, was observed. Even after the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose, the TNFα inhibitors selectively decreased the humoral immune response compared to patients on other treatment regimens. The T-cell response was preserved in all study groups. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating T-cell immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination in a routine diagnostic setting, particularly for immunocompromised cohorts.

show abstract

“…Viruses 2023, 15, 2271 2 of 16 However, it is unclear how the immune system actively recognizes and responds to the commensal human virome in the absence of classical inflammatory processes. Several viruses cause acute or chronic infection, either killing the host or being cleared by the immune system [12,[20][21][22]. In many other cases, viruses coexist with their host as symbionts, either temporarily or for the duration of the host's life, becoming beneficial to the host, providing protection from other infections and stimulating immunity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the Human Gut Virome Contribute to Host Health or Disease?

Pavia,

Marascio,

Matera

et al. 2023

Viruses

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses and their genomes, metabolites, and proteins, collectively known as the “gut virome”. This complex community of viruses colonizing the enteric mucosa is pivotal in regulating host immunity. The mechanisms involved in cross communication between mucosal immunity and the gut virome, as well as their relationship in health and disease, remain largely unknown. Herein, we review the literature on the human gut virome’s composition and evolution and the interplay between the gut virome and enteric mucosal immunity and their molecular mechanisms. Our review suggests that future research efforts should focus on unraveling the mechanisms of gut viruses in human homeostasis and pathophysiology and on developing virus-prompted precision therapies.

show abstract

SARS-CoV-2: Some Aspects of Molecular Evolution, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Immune System Mechanism Elusion

Cited by 3 publications

References 72 publications

Microbiological and Clinical Findings of SARS-CoV-2 Infection after 2 Years of Pandemic: From Lung to Gut Microbiota

Microbiological and Clinical Findings of SARS-CoV-2 Infection after 2 Years of Pandemic: From Lung to Gut Microbiota

COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shot Preserves T Cells Immune Response Based on Interferon-Gamma Release Assay in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients on Anti-TNFα Treatment

Does the Human Gut Virome Contribute to Host Health or Disease?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About