SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Outcomes in Saudi Arabia: A National Retrospective Study

Al‐Otaiby, Maram; Krissaane, Ines; Seraihi, Ahad Al; Alshenaifi, Jumanah; Qahtani, Mohammed  Hassan; Aljeri, Thamer; Zaatari, Ezzedine; Hassanain, Mazen; Algwizani, Abdullah; Albarrag, Ahmed; Al-Mozaini, Maha; Alabdulaali, Mohammed K.

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.025

Cited by 15 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“… 6 The explosion of reinfections caused by Omicron and its subvariants stems from the evasion of both natural and vaccine-induced immunity, often within weeks after the previous episode, thus challenging the current reinfection case definition of at least 90 days. 14 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Several studies 23 , 24 , 25 have indicated that children infected with Omicron are less likely to experience severe disease that requires hospitalization. This finding may reflect less aggressive features of the Omicron variant and/or natural immunity from undetected prior infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of reinfection in children reflected their increased exposure that accompanied trends of COVID-19 waves in the community . The explosion of reinfections caused by Omicron and its subvariants stems from the evasion of both natural and vaccine-induced immunity, often within weeks after the previous episode, thus challenging the current reinfection case definition of at least 90 days . Several studies have indicated that children infected with Omicron are less likely to experience severe disease that requires hospitalization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence, Risk, and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in Children and Adolescents Between March 2020 and July 2022 in Serbia

et al. 2023

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ImportanceDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, children and adolescents were massively infected worldwide. In 2022, reinfections became a main feature of the endemic phase of SARS-CoV-2, so it is important to understand the epidemiology and clinical impact of reinfections.ObjectiveTo assess the incidence, risk, and severity of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study used epidemiologic data of documented SARS-CoV-2 infections from the surveillance database of the Institute for Public Health of Vojvodina. A total of 32 524 children and adolescents from Vojvodina, Serbia, with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 6, 2020, and April 30, 2022, were followed up for reinfection until July 31, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncidence rates of documented SARS-CoV-2 reinfection per 1000 person-months, estimated risk of documented reinfection 90 days or more after laboratory confirmation of primary infection, reinfection severity, hospitalizations, and deaths.ResultsThe study cohort included 32 524 children and adolescents with COVID-19 (mean [SD] age, 11.2 [4.9] years; 15 953 [49.1%] male), including 964 children (3.0%) who experienced documented reinfection. The incidence rate of documented reinfections was 3.2 (95% CI, 3.0-3.4) cases per 1000 person-months and was highest in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (3.4; 95% CI, 3.2-3.7). Most reinfections (905 [93.9%]) were recorded in 2022. The cumulative reinfection risk was 1.3% at 6 months, 1.9% at 9 months, 4.0% at 12 months, 6.7% at 15 months, 7.2% at 18 months, and 7.9% after 21 months. Pediatric COVID-19 cases were generally mild. The proportion of severe clinical forms decreased from 14 (1.4%) in initial episodes to 3 (0.3%) in reinfections. Reinfected children were approximately 5 times less likely to have severe disease during reinfection compared with initial infection (McNemar odds ratio, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.0-0.8). Pediatric reinfections rarely led to hospitalization (0.5% vs 1.3% during primary infections), and none resulted in death.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study found that the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection risk remained substantially lower for children and adolescents compared with adults as of July 2022. Pediatric infections were mild, and reinfections were even milder than primary infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, Risk, and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in Children and Adolescents Between March 2020 and July 2022 in Serbia

et al. 2023

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“…The explosion of reinfections caused by Omicron and its subvariants stems from the evasion of both natural and vaccine-induced immunity, often within weeks after the previous episode, thus challenging the current >90 days reinfection case definition. 12,[15][16][17] Several studies indicated that children infected with Omicron are less likely to experience severe disease requiring hospitalization. [18][19][20] This may reflect less aggressive features of the Omicron variant and/or natural immunity from undetected prior infecitons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in children and adolescents: a population-level study between March 2020 and July 2022

Medić

Anastassopoulou

Lozanov-Crvenković

et al. 2022

Preprint

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IMPORTANCE During the COVID-19 pandemic children and adolescents were massively infected worldwide. In 2022 reinfections became increasingly common and they may continue to be a main feature of the endemic phase of SARS-CoV-2. It is important to understand the epidemiology and clinical impact of reinfections. OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence, risk, and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in children and adolescents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-level observational study was performed using surveillance data from the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia between March 6, 2020 and April 30, 2022 with follow-up until July 31, 2022. The population-based sample consisted of 32 524 residents of Vojvodina <18 years of age with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. EXPOSURES The surveillance database of the Institute for Public Health of Vojvodina was harnessed for epidemiological data of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence rates of documented SARS-CoV-2 reinfection per 1000 person-months. Estimated risk of documented reinfection ≥90 days after laboratory confirmation of primary infection. Reinfection severity and associated hospitalizations and deaths. RESULTS A total of 964 children (3.0%) experienced documented reinfection. The incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 documented reinfections was 3.2 (CI 3.0-3.4) cases per 1000 person- months and was highest in adolescents aged 12-17 years (3.4; CI 3.2-3.7). Most reinfections (905, 93.9%) were recorded in 2022. The reinfection risk was 1.3% at six months, 1.9% at nine months, 4.0% at 12 months, 6.7% at 15 months, 7.2% at 18 months and 7.9% after 21 months. 3 Pediatric COVID-19 cases were generally mild. The proportion of severe clinical forms decreased from 14 (1.4%) in initial episodes to 3 (0.3%) in reinfections. Reinfected children were 4.7 times more likely to suffer from severe disease during initial infection compared to reinfection (McNemar OR=4.7; 95%CI 1.3-16.2, p=0.015). Pediatric reinfections rarely led to hospitalization (0.5% vs. 1.3% during primary infections) and none resulted in death. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Reinfections are becoming more frequent as the pandemic progresses, yet the risk remains substantially lower for children and adolescents compared to adults. Pediatric infections rarely had clinical consequences and reinfections were even milder than primary infections.

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“…Despite the successful implementation of mass COVID-19 vaccination programs across the globe, Omicron and its subvariants continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality. As infection and reinfection in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals occurs increasingly with SARS-CoV-2 variants, and reinfection becoming associated with more severe acute and post-acute sequelae compared with a primary infection, SARS-CoV-2 continues to have significant global economic consequences [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Immunogenicity and Efficacy of CV0501 mRNA-Based Omicron COVID-19 Vaccination in Small Animal Models

et al. 2023

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron and its subvariants (BA.2, BA.4, BA.5) represented the most commonly circulating variants of concern (VOC) in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2022. Despite high vaccination rates with approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines encoding the ancestral spike (S) protein, these Omicron subvariants have collectively resulted in increased viral transmission and disease incidence. This necessitates the development and characterization of vaccines incorporating later emerging S proteins to enhance protection against VOC. In this context, bivalent vaccine formulations may induce broad protection against VOC and potential future SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we report preclinical data for a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated RNActive® N1-methylpseudouridine (N1mΨ) modified mRNA vaccine (CV0501) based on our second-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine CV2CoV, encoding the S protein of Omicron BA.1. The immunogenicity of CV0501, alone or in combination with a corresponding vaccine encoding the ancestral S protein (ancestral N1mΨ), was first measured in dose-response and booster immunization studies performed in Wistar rats. Both monovalent CV0501 and bivalent CV0501/ancestral N1mΨ immunization induced robust neutralizing antibody titers against the BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 Omicron subvariants, in addition to other SARS-CoV-2 variants in a booster immunization study. The protective efficacy of monovalent CV0501 against live SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 infection was then assessed in hamsters. Monovalent CV0501 significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 viral loads in the airways, demonstrating protection induced by CV0501 vaccination. CV0501 has now advanced into human Phase 1 clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05477186).

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SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Outcomes in Saudi Arabia: A National Retrospective Study

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Incidence, Risk, and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in Children and Adolescents Between March 2020 and July 2022 in Serbia

Incidence, Risk, and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in Children and Adolescents Between March 2020 and July 2022 in Serbia

Incidence, risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in children and adolescents: a population-level study between March 2020 and July 2022

Assessment of Immunogenicity and Efficacy of CV0501 mRNA-Based Omicron COVID-19 Vaccination in Small Animal Models

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