SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria

Pilz, Stefan; Chakeri, Ali; Ioannidis, John P. A.; Richter, Lukas; Theiler‐Schwetz, Verena; Trummer, Christian; Krause, Robert; Allerberger, Franz

doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.21251362

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…It is reasonable to expect that immunity acquired by natural infection provides effective protection against future infection with SARS-CoV-2. Observational studies have indeed found very low rates of reinfection over the following months among survivors of COVID-19 [6][7][8]. Reports of true reinfections are extremely rare in the absence of emergence of new variants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Necessity of COVID-19 Vaccination in Persons who have Already had COVID-19

Shrestha

Burke

Nowacki

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the necessity of COVID-19 vaccination in persons previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Methods. Employees of the Cleveland Clinic Health System working in Ohio on Dec 16, 2020, the day COVID-19 vaccination was started, were included. Any subject who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at least 42 days earlier was considered previously infected. One was considered vaccinated 14 days after receipt of the second dose of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. The cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection over the next five months, among previously infected subjects who received the vaccine, was compared with those of previously infected subjects who remained unvaccinated, previously uninfected subjects who received the vaccine, and previously uninfected subjects who remained unvaccinated. Results. Among the 52238 included employees, 1359 (53%) of 2579 previously infected subjects remained unvaccinated, compared with 22777 (41%) of 49659 not previously infected. The cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection remained almost zero among previously infected unvaccinated subjects, previously infected subjects who were vaccinated, and previously uninfected subjects who were vaccinated, compared with a steady increase in cumulative incidence among previously uninfected subjects who remained unvaccinated. Not one of the 1359 previously infected subjects who remained unvaccinated had a SARS-CoV-2 infection over the duration of the study. In a Cox proportional hazards regression model, after adjusting for the phase of the epidemic, vaccination was associated with a significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among those not previously infected (HR 0.031, 95% CI 0.015 to 0.061) but not among those previously infected (HR 0.313, 95% CI 0 to Infinity). Conclusions. Individuals who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection are unlikely to benefit from COVID-19 vaccination, and vaccines can be safely prioritized to those who have not been infected before.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observational studies have found very low rates of reinfection among individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection [6][7][8]. This brings up the question about whether it is necessary to vaccinate previously infected individuals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Necessity of COVID-19 Vaccination in Persons who have Already had COVID-19

Shrestha

Burke

Nowacki

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Recently, the issue of reinfection (SARS-CoV-2 subsequent infection after recovery from previous episode of the infection) and reactivation (also known as relapse, a re-detectable positive SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in recovered patient which occurs within the first 4 weeks of previous infection) have been reported in several studies [see for instance (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21), and the references therein]. These studies highlighted the possibility of reactivation and reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 which needs urgent attention from the researchers as well the public health policymakers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinfection or Reactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Systematic Review

Tang

Musa

Zhao

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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As the pandemic continues, individuals with re-detectable positive (RP) SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA among recovered COVID-19 patients have raised public health concerns. It is imperative to investigate whether the cases with re-detectable positive (RP) SARS-CoV-2 might cause severe infection to the vulnerable population. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of recent literature to investigate reactivation and reinfection among the discharged COVID-19 patients that are found positive again. Our study, consisting more than a total of 113,715 patients, indicates that the RP-SARS-CoV-2 scenario occurs plausibly due to reactivation, reinfection, viral shedding, or testing errors. Nonetheless, we observe that previously infected individuals have significantly lower risk of being infected for the second time, indicating that reactivation or reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 likely have relatively less impact in the general population than the primary infection.

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“…SIREN study which looks for answers to the questions about SARS-CoV-2 reinfection adds to other studies that the infection does protect against re-infection and possibly in an antibody-dependent manner [122] . Additionally, the findings indicate that infection and antibody response protects on par with or better than currently available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines [123] , [124] , [125] .…”

Section: Covid-19 Re-infectionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Immune response variables and viral mutations impact on COVID-19 reinfection and relapse

Sanaie

Golipour

Shamekh

et al. 2021

International Immunopharmacology

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The possibility of human reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, has not previously been thoroughly investigated. Although it is generally believed that virus-specific antibodies protect against COVID-19 pathogenesis, their duration of function and temporal activity remain unknown. Contrary to media reports that people retain protective antibody responses for a few months, science does not exclude reinfection and disease relapse shortly after initiating all immune responses during the primary onset of COVID-19. Despite production of antiviral antibodies, activated CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes, and long-lived memory B cells, susceptibility to reinfection in humans for extended periods cannot be precluded due to repeated exposures to coronavirus or potential reactivation of the virus due to incomplete virus clearance. However, the mechanism of reinfection remains unknown. The biological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, such as emergence of multiple mutations in the virus RNA molecules, transmissibility, rates of infection, reactivation and reinfection, can all affect the trajectory of the virus spread. Innate and adaptive immune response variables, differences in underlying diseases, and comorbidities, particularly in high risk individuals, can influence the dynamics of the virus infection. In this article, immune parameters and viral mutations pertaining to reinfection and disease relapse are reviewed and scientific gaps are discussed.

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SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria

Cited by 21 publications

References 27 publications

Necessity of COVID-19 Vaccination in Persons who have Already had COVID-19

Necessity of COVID-19 Vaccination in Persons who have Already had COVID-19

Reinfection or Reactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Systematic Review

Immune response variables and viral mutations impact on COVID-19 reinfection and relapse

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