SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Case Series

Khamees, Ibrahim; Ali, Elrazi; Malkawi, Lujain; Rozi, Waail; Yassin, Mohamed A

doi:10.7759/cureus.32041

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In CML patients, Omicron infection was reported to cause mild infection (16). A similar outcome was also observed in other groups of patients, such as acute leukemia, polycythemia Vera, essential thrombocythemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (17)(18)(19).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

SARS-CoV-2 and chronic myeloid leukemia: a systematic review

Ali,

Al-Sadi,

Al-maharmeh

et al. 2024

Front. Med.

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IntroductionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus causing the coronavirus disease of 2019. The disease has caused millions of deaths since the first pandemic at the end of 2019. Immunocompromised individuals are more likely to develop severe infections. Numerous mutations had developed in SARS-CoV-2, resulting in strains (Alfa Beta Delta Omicron) with varying degrees of virulence disease severity. In CML (chronic myeloid leukemia) patients, there is a lot of controversy regarding the effect of the treatment on the patient outcome. Some reports suggested potential better outcomes among patients with CML, likely due to the use of TKI; other reports showed no significant effects. Additionally, it is unknown how much protection immunization provides for cancer patients.MethodIn accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards, we conducted a systematic review. Retrospective, prospective studies, reviews, case series, and case reports of chronic myeloid leukemia patients aged above 18 years who had SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. English literature was screened using PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Search terms include chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We searched the reference lists of the included studies for any new articles. The search included all articles published up to April 20, 2023. The review is registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022326674).ResultsWe reviewed 33 articles of available published literature up to April 2023 and collected data from a total of 682 CML patients with COVID-19. Most patients were in the chronic phase, seven were in the accelerated phase, and eight were in the blast phase. Disease severity was classified according to WHO criteria. Mortality was seen in 45 patients, and there were no reports of thrombotic events. Two hundred seventy-seven patients were in the era before vaccination; among them, eight were in the intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality was 30 (11%). There were 405 patients after the era of vaccination; among them, death was reported in 15 (4%) patients and ICU in 13 patients.Limitations and conclusionThe major limitation of this review is the lack of details about the use or hold of TKIs during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, after the appearance of the different variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, few studies mentioned the variant of the virus, which makes it difficult to compare the outcome of the other variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in patients with CML. Despite the limitations of the study, CML patients with COVID-19 have no significant increase in mortality compared to other hematological malignancy. Hematological cancers are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, which is expected to increase in patients with COVID-19. However, patient with CML has not been reported to have a significant increase in thrombosis risk. The available data indicates that COVID-19’s effect on patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) still needs to be better understood due to the limited data.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php? RecordID:326674.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

SARS-CoV-2 and chronic myeloid leukemia: a systematic review

Ali,

Al-Sadi,

Al-maharmeh

et al. 2024

Front. Med.

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“…First, viral-related factors: infection with mild strain could result in mild disease. For example, omicron virus infection is reported to cause mild disease in patients with sickle cell anemia [12]; this is not only in sickle cell anemia but also in other hematologic diseases like myeloproliferative neoplasms and chronic lymphocytic leukemia [13][14][15][16]. Second, host-related factors, such as the young age and the absence of comorbid medical conditions, are usually associated with lower morbidity and a better outcome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 with Influenza B Coinfection in a Patient with Sickle Cell HbSC Presenting with Painful Crisis: A Case Report

Ali,

Fadul,

Subahi

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Sickle cell disease is a hereditary red blood cell disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia, particularly in association with stress. As they grow, most children with sickle cell anemia undergo auto-splenectomy, making them vulnerable to serious infections. Patients with sickle cell disease infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus are reported to have an increased risk for hospitalization, thrombosis, and other complications compared to non-sickle cell patients. Influenza infection in patients with sickle cell is associated with increased morbidity. Patients with sickle cell HbSC are reported to have a milder form of the disease than HbSS. Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza B is rarely reported in patients with hematologic diseases, including sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. We are reporting an unusual case of a patient with sickle cell HbSC with co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza B with a favorable outcome.

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“…Consequently, the overall 30-day mortality in patients with CLL was 2% [ 31 ]. Other registries have also reported lower mortality rates in CLL patients during the Omicron era [ 32 , 33 ]. The reduction in mortality rates may be attributed not only to lineage evolution, but also to the implementation of vaccines, other prophylactic measures, and improved supportive and COVID-specific care, which will be further discussed.…”

Section: Covid-19 Infection In Cll Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: What Have We Learned?

Harel,

Itchaki

2023

Acta Haematol

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Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a prevalent hematological malignancy (HM) characterized by inherent immunodeficiency, which is further pronounced by disease-directed therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating outcomes, and although its impact has diminished over time, it continues to be a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunodeficient patients. Summary: In this review, we describe mechanisms of immune dysfunction in CLL in relation to COVID-19, provide an overview of the clinical outcomes of the disease in this patient population, and identify risk factors associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Additionally, we acknowledge the influence of the rapidly evolving landscape of new disease variants. The review further delineates the humoral and cellular responses to vaccination and their clinical efficacy in preventing COVID-19 in CLL patients. Moreover, we explore potential approaches to enhance these immune responses. Pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis strategies are discussed, along with description of common agents in the treatment of the disease in both outpatient and inpatient setting. Throughout the review, we emphasize the interplay between novel therapies for CLL and COVID-19 outcomes, prevention, and treatment and describe the impact of COVID-19 on the utilization of these novel agents. This information has the potential to guide clinical decision making in the management CLL patients.

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Case Series

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

SARS-CoV-2 and chronic myeloid leukemia: a systematic review

SARS-CoV-2 and chronic myeloid leukemia: a systematic review

SARS-CoV-2 with Influenza B Coinfection in a Patient with Sickle Cell HbSC Presenting with Painful Crisis: A Case Report

COVID-19 in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: What Have We Learned?

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