SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust germinal center CD4 T follicular helper cell responses in rhesus macaques

Elizaldi, Sonny R.; Lakshmanappa, Yashavanth Shaan; Roh, Jamin W.; Schmidt, Brian; Carroll, Timothy D.; Weaver, Kourtney; Smith, Justin C.; Deere, Jesse D.; Dutra, Joseph; Stone, Mars; Franz, Sergej; Sammak, Rebecca L.; Olstad, Katherine J.; Ma, Zhien; Nguyen, Ngoc Thi Bich; Watanabe, Jennifer; Usachenko, Jodie; Immareddy, Ramya; Yee, JoAnn; Weiskopf, Daniela; Sette, Alessandro; Hartigan-O’Connor, Dennis J.; McSorley, Stephen J.; Morrison, John H.; Tran, Nam K.; Simmons, Graham; Busch, Michael P.; Kozlowsk, Pamela; Rompay, Koen Van; Miller, Christopher J.; Iyer, Smita S.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-51545/v1

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In addition, aged animals shed virus for longer periods of time, had higher viral loads in lung tissue and showed a delay in the immune response compared to young animals ( Rockx et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2020 ; Yu et al, 2020b ). Notwithstanding, a profound humoral and cellular immune response that protects from re-infection is induced in the vast majority of infected non-human primates, independent of species and age ( Chandrashekar et al, 2020 ; Deng et al, 2020a ; Elizaldi et al, 2020 ; Ishigaki et al, 2020 ; McMahan et al, 2020 ). Therefore and because monkeys reflect the clinical picture seen in humans, non-human primates are used by numerous research groups and pharmaceutical companies to test candidate vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 (e.g., Baum et al, 2020 ; Corbett et al, 2020 ; Feng et al, 2020 ; Guebre-Xabier et al, 2020 ; Hoang et al, 2020 ; Kim et al, 2021 ; Maisonnasse et al, 2020 ; van Doremalen et al, 2020 ; Williamson et al, 2020 ; Yu et al, 2020a ).…”

Section: Animal Models In Sars-cov-2 Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models

Michelitsch

Wernike

Ulrich

et al. 2021

Advances in Virus Research

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Within only one year after the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), nearly 100 million infections were reported in the human population globally, with more than two million fatal cases. While SARS-CoV-2 most likely originated from a natural wildlife reservoir, neither the immediate viral precursor nor the reservoir or intermediate hosts have been identified conclusively. Due to its zoonotic origin, SARS-CoV-2 may also be relevant to animals. Thus, to evaluate the host range of the virus and to assess the risk to act as potential animal reservoir, a large number of different animal species were experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 or monitored in the field in the last months. In this review, we provide an update on studies describing permissive and resistant animal species. Using a scoring system based on viral genome detection subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, seroconversion, the development of clinical signs and transmission to conspecifics or humans, the susceptibility of diverse animal species was classified on a semi-quantitative scale. While major livestock species such as pigs, cattle and poultry are mostly resistant, companion animals appear moderately susceptible, while several model animal species used in research, including several Cricetidae species and non-human primates, are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. By natural infections, it became obvious that American minks ( Neovison vison ) in fur farms, e.g., in the Netherlands and Denmark are highly susceptible resulting in local epidemics in these animals.

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Section: Animal Models In Sars-cov-2 Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models

Michelitsch

Wernike

Ulrich

et al. 2021

Advances in Virus Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These antibodies would recognize the virus and provide immediate antiviral effects. Animal models such as rhesus macaques can be used to further study the mechanism of these antibodies, as well as help determine plasma dose, treatment duration, efficacy and safety of CPT (42)(43)(44).…”

Section: Antigen-specific Antibody Production and Viral Replication Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Convalescent Plasma: The Relay Baton in the Race for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment

et al. 2020

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most infected people have mild or moderate symptoms and recover without the need for extensive treatment. However, for seriously ill patients, no specific treatments are currently available. Convalescent plasma therapy (CPT), a passive immunotherapy, involves infusing plasma from recovered people into actively infected people, and is thought to be a specific intervention to improve outcome in patients with severe COVID-19. The presumed mechanism involves neutralizing antibodies and antibody dependent cytotoxicity/phagocytosis. Previous CPT trials showed an effect in SARS and pilot studies suggest CPT is an effective and safe strategy for seriously ill COVID-19 patients. CPT is currently being tested in large randomized clinical trials. Herein, we critically review the mechanism, applications and the challenges for CPT in the treatment of severe COVID-19, paving the way toward vaccine and immunotherapy development.

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Role of the cellular immunity in the formation of the immune response in coronavirus infections

et al. 2021

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The data obtained during previous epidemics caused by coronaviruses, and current pandemic indicate that assessing the role of certain immune interactions between these viruses and the microorganism is the main pre-requisite for development of diagnostic test systems as well as effective medical drugs and preventive measures. The review summarizes the results of studying patho– and immunogenesis of SARSCoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections. These coronaviruses were proven to suppress development of adaptive immune response at the stage of its induction, affecting the number and functional activity of lymphocytes, effectors of cellular immunity, causing impairment of lymphopoiesis, apoptosis and «depletion» of these cells, thus leading to longer duration of the disease and increased viral load. Information about the role of cellular immunity in development of immune response to coronaviruses is presented. It was proven that the causative agents of SARS, MERS and COVID-19 trigger adaptive immune response in the microorganism according to both humoral and cellular types. Moreover, the synthesis of specific immunoglobulins does not yet point to presence of protective immune response. Activation of the cellular link of immunity is also important. A high degree of antigenic epitope homology in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is described, thus suggesting an opportunity for cross-immunity to coronaviruses. The review addresses issues related to the terms of specific memory immune cells to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and their role in providing long-term protection against these infections. Given that specific antibodies to SARS and MERS pathogens persisted for a year, were often not detected or briefly registered in patients with mild and asymptomatic infections, we can talk about important role of the cellular immune response in providing immunity to these coronaviruses. It was shown that, in contrast to antibodies, the antigen-specific memory T cells were registered in patients with SARS virus for 4 to 11 years, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – up to two years. Further research is needed to determine presence and number of memory T cells in COVID-19. A comparative analysis of data obtained during previous epidemics with respect to formation of adaptive immunity to coronaviruses. Description of proteins and epitopes recognized by human T lymphocytes will be useful in monitoring immune responses in COVID-19 patients, as well as in developing informative tests to study T cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and new preventive drugs.

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SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust germinal center CD4 T follicular helper cell responses in rhesus macaques

Cited by 4 publications

References 40 publications

SARS-CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models

SARS-CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models

Convalescent Plasma: The Relay Baton in the Race for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment

Role of the cellular immunity in the formation of the immune response in coronavirus infections

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