SARS-CoV-2 infection in households with and without young children: Nationwide cohort study, Denmark, 27 February 2020 to 26 February 2021

Husby, Anders; Corn, Giulia; Krause, Tyra Grove

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.32.2101096

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 17 publications

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“…Several studies have reported an increased risk of infection for the members of households with children. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 Measuring the risk of infection for members of households with children can identify associations regardless of the likelihood of the child being tested and changes in school testing policies, but these associations can evolve following changes in vaccine coverage, the strains circulating in the population, and the interventions focusing on children. We used this approach in the ComCor case-control study, 25 , 26 further analyses of which are presented here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Households With Children in France, 2020-2022

Galmiche,

Charmet,

Rakover

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceUnderstanding the contribution of children to SARS-CoV-2 circulation in households is critical for designing public health policies and mitigation strategies.ObjectiveTo identify temporal changes in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with children.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case-control study included online questionnaire responses from French adults between October 2020 and October 2022. Eligible cases were adults with ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection with an email address on record with the national health insurance system, which centralized all new diagnoses in France. Eligible controls were adults who had never tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 until February 2021, when eligibility was extended to all adults without ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection.ExposureTransmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a child (aged under 18 years) within the household in the descriptive analysis, as reported by the participating case. Sharing household with a child (of any age or broken down by school level) in the case-control analysis.Main Outcome and MeasuresOngoing SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or supervised rapid antigen test (ie, not self-tests).ResultsA total of 682 952 cases were included for the descriptive analysis (68.8% female, median [IQR] age, 44 [34-55] years). Among those, 45 108 (6.6%) identified a household child as the source case; this proportion peaked at 10.4% during the Omicron BA.1 wave (December 20, 2021, to April 8, 2022). For the case-control analysis, we matched 175 688 cases (with a 4:1 ratio) for demographic characteristics with 43 922 controls. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, household exposure to children was associated with an increased risk of infection mainly at the end of summer 2021 (receding Delta wave) and during winter 2022 (Omicron BA.1 wave). In subgroup analysis by school level of the child, living with children under the age of 6 was associated with increased odds of infection throughout the study period, peaking at an odds ratio (OR) 1.8 (95% CI, 1.6-2.1) for children looked after by professional in-home caregivers, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.5-1.7) for children in day care facilities, and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.4-1.8) for children in preschool. The ORs associated with household exposure to children aged 6 to 14 years increased during the Delta (August 14, 2021, to December 19, 2021) and Omicron BA.1 waves, reaching 1.6 (95% CI, 1.5-1.7) for primary school children and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.3-1.5) for middle school children. Exposure to older children aged 15 to 17 years was associated with a moderate risk until April 2021, with an OR of 1.2 (95% CI, 1.2-1.3) during curfew in early 2021 (December 4, 2020, to April 8, 2021).Conclusions and RelevanceThe presence of children, notably very young ones, was associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in other household members, especially during the Delta and Omicron BA.1 waves. These results should help to guide policies targeting children and immunocompromised members of their household.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Households With Children in France, 2020-2022

Galmiche,

Charmet,

Rakover

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the Omicron era: The Vaccine Effectiveness, Networking, and Universal Safety (VENUS) study

Maeda

Murata

Fukuda

2023

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Effects of school-level and area-level socio-economic factors on elementary school student COVID-19 infections: a population-based observational study

Srivastava

Lau²,

Ansari³

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo estimate the variability of the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections among elementary school students attributable to individual schools and/or their geographic areas, and to ascertain whether socio-economic characteristics of school populations and/or geographic areas may be predictive of this variability.DesignPopulation-based observational study of SARS-CoV-2 infections among elementary school children.Setting3994 publicly funded elementary schools in 491 forward sortation areas (designated geographic unit based on first three characters of Canadian postal code), Ontario, Canada, September 2020 to April 2021.ParticipantsAll students attending publicly funded elementary schools with a positive molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 reported by the Ontario Ministry of Education.Main outcome measuresCumulative incidence of laboratory-confirmed elementary school student SARS-CoV-2 infections in Ontario, 2020–21 school year.ResultsA multilevel modelling approach was used to estimate the effects of socio-economic factors at the school and area levels on the cumulative incidence of elementary school student SARS-CoV-2 infections. At the school level (level 1), the proportion of the student body from low-income households was positively associated with cumulative incidence (β=0.083, p<0.001). At the area level (level 2), all dimensions of marginalisation were significantly related to cumulative incidence. Ethnic concentration (β=0.454, p<0.001), residential instability (β=0.356, p<0.001) and material deprivation (β=0.212, p<0.001) were positively related, while dependency (β=-0.204, p<0.001) was negatively related. Area-related marginalisation variables explained 57.6% of area variability in cumulative incidence. School-related variables explained 1.2% of school variability in cumulative incidence.ConclusionsThe socio-economic characteristics of the geographic area of schools were more important in accounting for the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 elementary school student infections than individual school characteristics. Schools in marginalised areas should be prioritised for infection prevention measures and education continuity and recovery plans.

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SARS-CoV-2 infection in households with and without young children: Nationwide cohort study, Denmark, 27 February 2020 to 26 February 2021

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Households With Children in France, 2020-2022

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Households With Children in France, 2020-2022

Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the Omicron era: The Vaccine Effectiveness, Networking, and Universal Safety (VENUS) study

Effects of school-level and area-level socio-economic factors on elementary school student COVID-19 infections: a population-based observational study

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