SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020

Oreshkova, Nadia; Molenaar, Robert Jan; Vreman, Sandra; Harders, Frank; Munnink, Bas B. Oude; Honing, Renate W.Hakze Van Der; Gerhards, Nora M.; Tolsma, Paulien; Bouwstra, Ruth; Sikkema, Reina S.; Tacken, Mirriam; Rooij, Myrna M.T. de; Weesendorp, Eefke; Engelsma, Marc; Bruschke, Christianne; Smit, Lidwien A.M.; Koopmans, Marion; Poel, Wim van der; Stegeman, Arjan

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.23.2001005

Cited by 661 publications

(942 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Indeed, SARS-CoV-2 is already responsible for infections in various animal species. SARS-CoV-2 genomes [16,17] have been isolated from natural infections in zoo lions and tigers [15], companion animals including cats and dogs [60,61] and following widespread outbreaks in multiple mink farms in the Netherlands resulting in mass culling [62] (Fig. 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicted to form complexes with host receptor protein orthologues from a broad range of mammals

Bordin

Waman

et al. 2020

Preprint

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SARS-CoV-2 has a zoonotic origin and was transmitted to humans via an undetermined intermediate host, leading to infections in humans and other mammals. To enter host cells, the viral spike protein (S-protein) binds to its receptor, ACE2, and is then processed by TMPRSS2. Whilst receptor binding contributes to the viral host range, S-protein:ACE2 complexes from other animals have not been investigated widely. To predict infection risks, we modelled S-protein:ACE2 complexes from 215 vertebrate species, calculated their relative energies, correlated these energies to COVID-19 infection data, and analysed structural interactions. We predict that known mutations are more detrimental in ACE2 than TMPRSS2. Finally, we demonstrate phylogenetically that human SARS-CoV-2 strains have been isolated in animals. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can infect a broad range of mammals, but not fish, birds or reptiles. Susceptible animals could serve as reservoirs of the virus, necessitating careful ongoing animal management and surveillance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicted to form complexes with host receptor protein orthologues from a broad range of mammals

Bordin

Waman

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Minks have been showed to carry Hepatitis E virus [26], SARS-CoV-2 [27], Cryptosporidium spp. [28] and several other zoonotic pathogens [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in farmed minks (Neovison vison) associated with exposure to wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Shandong province, China

Zhang¹,

Li²,

Jin³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Both of American mink (Neovison vison) and wild rat (Rattus norvegicus) is considered reservoir hosts carrying many endoparasites. Trichinella is a successful parasitic nematode including nine species and three genotypes with a worldwide distribution. However, little is known about the prevalence of Trichinella infection in mink (Neovison vison) and rat (Rattus norvegicus) in China.Methods In total, 289 muscle samples of minks and 102 rat carcasses were collected between April 2017 and December 2019 in Weihai city of Shandong province, China. The food of minks including chicken skeleton and mashed marine products was also collected at 3 batches. All the samples were used to examine for the appearance of Trichinella by the pooled artificial HCl-pepsin digestion method. The isolates from minks and rats were identified as T. spiralis by multiplex PCR. Then, the phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the sequences of 5S rDNA inter-gene spacer regions.Results Muscle larvae were detected in 20 out of 289 minks (6.92%) and in 2 of 102 wild rats (1.96%), respectively. The intensity of Trichinella in mink samples was ranged from 0.025 to 0.815 lpg, while the larval burden in rats was 0.17 lpg. The isolates from minks and rats were identified as T. spiralis by multiplex PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a 100% identical alignment of the 5S rDNA inter-gene spacer regions from the two isolates. The phylogenetic tree confirmed the two isolates from minks and rats belonging to T. spiralis based on analysis of the 5S rDNA inter-gene spacer sequence.Conclusions The present study represents the first report of T. spiralis infection in American mink (Neovison vison) and wild rat (Rattus norvegicus) from Shandong province, China. The farmed minks would be vulnerable to Trichinella infection through exposure to the wild rats. The prevalence of T. spiralis in wild rats may raise a public health concern for the potential zoonotic risk for the domestic animals.

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“…Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in December of 2019, it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can naturally and experimentally infect several animal species (Lakdawala and Menachery 2020;Hernandez, Abad et al 2020;Oreshkova et al 2020). There have been multiple case reports of natural transmission of the virus from humans to dogs and cats, infection of "big cats" (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been multiple case reports of natural transmission of the virus from humans to dogs and cats, infection of "big cats" (i.e. a lion and tigers) at the Bronx Zoo, and mink on farms in The Netherlands, Denmark and Spain (Newman, Smith et al 2020;Leroy, Gouilh et al 2020;Oreshkova et al, 2020). In a recent animal susceptibility study, dogs, cats, ferrets, pigs, chickens and ducks were experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Shi, Wen et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease and transmission in domestic cats

Gaudreault

Trujillo

Carossino

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and responsible for the current pandemic. Recent SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and transmission studies in cats show that the virus can replicate in these companion animals and transmit to other cats. Here, we present an in-depth study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, associated disease and transmission dynamics in domestic cats. Six 4- to 5-month-old cats were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 via intranasal and oral routes simultaneously. One day post challenge (DPC), two sentinel contact cats were co-mingled with the principal infected animals. Animals were monitored for clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities and viral shedding throughout the 21 DPC observation period. Postmortem examinations were performed at 4, 7 and 21 DPC to investigate disease progression. Viral RNA was not detected in blood but transiently in nasal, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as various tissues. Tracheobronchoadenitis of submucosal glands with the presence of viral RNA and antigen was observed in airways of the infected cats on 4 and 7 DPC. Serology showed that both, principal and sentinel cats, developed SARS-CoV-2-specific and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 detectable at 7 DPC or 10 DPC, respectively. All animals were clinically asymptomatic during the course of the study and capable of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to sentinels within 2 days of comingling. The results of this study are critical for our understanding of the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 in a naturally susceptible host species, and for risk assessment of the maintenance of SARS-CoV-2 in felines and transmission to other animals and humans.

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SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020

Cited by 661 publications

References 17 publications

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicted to form complexes with host receptor protein orthologues from a broad range of mammals

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicted to form complexes with host receptor protein orthologues from a broad range of mammals

The prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in farmed minks (Neovison vison) associated with exposure to wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Shandong province, China

SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease and transmission in domestic cats

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