SARS-CoV-2-Induced Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis: Implications for Colorectal Cancer

Howell, Mark; Green, Ryan; McGill, Andrew R.; Dutta, Rinku; Mohapatra, Subhra; Mohapatra, Shyam S.

doi:10.3390/cancers13112676

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Fusicatenibacter alteration is a very sensitive biomarker during COVID-19. It is proposed to be a diagnostic tool for COVID-19 (Gu et al, 2020b;Segal et al, 2020;Cyprian et al, 2021;Howell et al, 2021). This genus is also negatively correlated with CRP and procalcitonin levels in patients with COVID-19 (Gu et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Farsi

Tahvildari

Arbabi

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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IntroductionThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late December 2019. Considering the important role of gut microbiota in maturation, regulation, and induction of the immune system and subsequent inflammatory processes, it seems that evaluating the composition of gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy individuals may have potential value as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker for the disease. Also, therapeutic interventions affecting gut microbial flora may open new horizons in the treatment of COVID-19 patients and accelerating their recovery.MethodsA systematic search was conducted for relevant studies published from December 2019 to December 2021 using Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Articles containing the following keywords in titles or abstracts were selected: “SARS-CoV-2” or “COVID-19” or “Coronavirus Disease 19” and “gastrointestinal microbes” or “dysbiosis” or “gut microbiota” or “gut bacteria” or “gut microbes” or “gastrointestinal microbiota”.ResultsOut of 1,668 studies, 22 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and a total of 1,255 confirmed COVID-19 patients were examined. All included studies showed a significant association between COVID-19 and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The most alteration in bacterial composition of COVID-19 patients was depletion in genera Ruminococcus, Alistipes, Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Fusicathenibacter, and Blautia and enrichment of Eggerthella, Bacteroides, Actinomyces, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Rothia, and Collinsella. Also, some gut microbiome alterations were associated with COVID-19 severity and poor prognosis including the increment of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Campylobacter, Rothia, Corynebacterium, Megasphaera, Enterococcus, and Aspergillus spp. and the decrement of Roseburia, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, Faecalibacterium, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.ConclusionOur study showed a significant change of gut microbiome composition in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy individuals. This great extent of impact has proposed the gut microbiota as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. There is much evidence about this issue, and it is expected to be increased in near future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Farsi

Tahvildari

Arbabi

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Also, approximately 75% of long-term care facility (LTCF) residents for 6 months or longer will receive at least one course of antibiotics ( 115 ). Indeed, alteration of the intestinal microbiome of COVID-19 patients who are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, is reported to be associated with escalated clinical status such as proinflammatory conditions, disease severity, fecal shedding of the virus, plasma concentrations of several cytokines and finally drastic long-term effects on host health ( 35 , 116 , 117 ). These traceable alterations of the microbiome of COVID-19 patients following the use of antibiotics can lead to dysbiosis of the microbiome and CDI ( 118 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Does COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Incidence of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Exacerbation of Its Gastrointestinal Symptoms?

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread all over the world with a very high rate of mortality. Different symptoms developed by COVID-19 infection and its impacts on various organs of the human body have highlighted the importance of both coinfections and superinfections with other pathogens. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is vulnerable to infection with COVID-19 and can be exploited as an alternative transmission route and target for virus entry and pathogenesis. The GI manifestations of COVID-19 disease are associated with severe disease outcomes and death in all age groups, in particular, elderly patients. Empiric antibiotic treatments for microbial infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in addition to experimental antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs may increase the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Alterations of gut microbiota are associated with depletion of beneficial commensals and enrichment of opportunistic pathogens such as C. difficile. Hence, the main purpose of this review is to explain the likely risk factors contributing to higher incidence of CDI in patients with COVID-19. In addition to lung involvement, common symptoms observed in COVID-19 and CDI such as diarrhea, highlight the significance of bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. In particular, hospitalized elderly patients who are receiving antibiotics might be more prone to CDI. Indeed, widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as clindamycin, cephalosporins, penicillin, and fluoroquinolones can affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19, leading to reduced colonization resistance capacity against opportunistic pathogens such as C. difficile, and subsequently develop CDI. Moreover, patients with CDI possibly may have facilitated the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in their feces for approximately one month, even though the nasopharyngeal test turned negative. This coinfection may increase the potential transmissibility of both SARS-CoV-2 and C. difficile by fecal materials. Also, CDI can complicate the outcome of COVID-19 patients, especially in the presence of comorbidities or for those patients with prior exposure to the healthcare setting. Finally, physicians should remain vigilant for possible SARS-CoV-2 and CDI coinfection during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the excessive use of antimicrobials and biocides.

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“…The immune system ascertains that most infections caused by viruses or bacteria are self-limiting [ 125 , 126 ]. Yet, as the human immune system also contributes to the acquisition of nutrition from the human microbiota, overnutrition may occur if one eats normally without restriction [ 127 , 128 ]. This overnutrition may cause lipotoxicity and tissue damage [ 129 , 130 ], which may promote chronic inflammation, fuel microbial dysbiosis (excessive growth of certain microorganisms), and lead to chronic diseases including cancer [ 128 , 131 ].…”

Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Oral Microbiota in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

et al. 2021

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Dysbiosis in the oral environment may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the association of oral microbiota with OSCC and to describe possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms involved in processes of OSCC development and progression. Association studies included in this review were designed as case–control/case studies, analyzing the bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome from saliva, oral rinses, oral mucosal swabs, or oral mucosal tissue samples (deep and superficial) and comparing the results in healthy individuals to those with OSCC and/or with premalignant lesions. Changes in relative abundances of specific bacteria (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sp.) and fungi (especially Candida sp.) were associated with OSCC. Viruses can also play a role; while the results of studies investigating the role of human papillomavirus in OSCC development are controversial, Epstein–Barr virus was positively correlated with OSCC. The oral microbiota has been linked to tumorigenesis through a variety of mechanisms, including the stimulation of cell proliferation, tumor invasiveness, angiogenesis, inhibition of cell apoptosis, induction of chronic inflammation, or production of oncometabolites. We also advocate for the necessity of performing a complex analysis of the microbiome in further studies and of standardizing the sampling procedures by establishing guidelines to support future meta-analyses.

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SARS-CoV-2-Induced Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis: Implications for Colorectal Cancer

Cited by 22 publications

References 87 publications

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

How Does COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Incidence of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Exacerbation of Its Gastrointestinal Symptoms?

The Role of the Oral Microbiota in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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