SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: From detection to evaluation

Zhang, Dan‐Wei; Duran, Solco Samantha Faye; Lim, Wei Yang; Tan, Chee Kiang Ivan; Cheong, Wai Chye; Suwardi, Ady; Loh, Xian Jun

doi:10.1016/j.mtadv.2022.100211

Cited by 22 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…In contrast, no SARS-CoV-2 genes were detected in Mintal from 22–28 November 2020, when Mintal was categorized as a LOW risk community, even when viral RNA concentration was similar to the other weeks (10.6 ng/µL). The absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sites where new cases are reported may be caused by the varied physico-chemical [ 22 , 51 ], hydrologic, and anthropogenic factors present in a specific site [ 52 , 53 ]. Since the Mintal wastewater is more homogenous, it is speculated that viral RNA, albeit at low levels, was preserved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifaceted Assessment of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in Selected Urban Communities in Davao City, Philippines: A Pilot Study

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Murao

Limen

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Over 60 countries have integrated wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) in their COVID-19 surveillance programs, focusing on wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). In this paper, we piloted the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 WBE as a complementary public health surveillance method in susceptible communities in a highly urbanized city without WWTP in the Philippines by exploring the extraction and detection methods, evaluating the contribution of physico-chemical–anthropogenic factors, and attempting whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Weekly wastewater samples were collected from sewer pipes or creeks in six communities with moderate-to-high risk of COVID-19 transmission, as categorized by the City Government of Davao from November to December 2020. Physico-chemical properties of the wastewater and anthropogenic conditions of the sites were noted. Samples were concentrated using a PEG-NaCl precipitation method and analyzed by RT-PCR to detect the SARS-CoV-2 N, RdRP, and E genes. A subset of nine samples were subjected to WGS using the Minion sequencing platform. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in twenty-two samples (91.7%) regardless of the presence of new cases. Cycle threshold values correlated with RNA concentration and attack rate. The lack of a sewershed map in the sampled areas highlights the need to integrate this in the WBE planning. A combined analysis of wastewater physico-chemical parameters such as flow rate, surface water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids provided insights on the ideal sampling location, time, and method for WBE, and their impact on RNA recovery. The contribution of fecal matter in the wastewater may also be assessed through the coliform count and in the context of anthropogenic conditions in the area. Finally, our attempt on WGS detected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in wastewater which included clinically reported and newly identified mutations in the Philippines. This exploratory report provides a contextualized framework for applying WBE surveillance in low-sanitation areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The discharge of the water also plays a role in the general physico-chemical character of the surface waters [ 52 ]. Monteverde was stagnant in the four occasions of sample collection for the four-week sampling campaign.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifaceted Assessment of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in Selected Urban Communities in Davao City, Philippines: A Pilot Study

Otero

Murao

Limen

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Along with a respiratory infection, SARS-CoV-2 is also known to infect the gastrointestinal tract via the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor that is expressed by epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal system [ 3 ]. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed in the feces of symptomatic and asymptomatic persons for long periods, even after negative detection through throat swabs and urine samples [ 4 ]. Although the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 being transmitted via the fecal–oral [ 5 ] or nasal–fecal pathways is still under discussion [ 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], this issue is a source of growing concern and can have negative environmental implications, namely, on water quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoinactivation of Phage Phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 Model in Wastewater: Evidence of Efficacy and Safety

et al. 2022

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The last two years have been marked by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This virus is found in the intestinal tract; it reaches wastewater systems and, consequently, the natural receiving water bodies. As such, inefficiently treated wastewater (WW) can be a means of contamination. The currently used methods for the disinfection of WW can lead to the formation of toxic compounds and can be expensive or inefficient. As such, new and alternative approaches must be considered, namely, photodynamic inactivation (PDI). In this work, the bacteriophage φ6 (or, simply, phage φ6), which has been used as a suitable model for enveloped RNA viruses, such as coronaviruses (CoVs), was used as a model of SARS-CoV-2. Firstly, to understand the virus’s survival in the environment, phage φ6 was subjected to different laboratory-controlled environmental conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, and solar and UV-B irradiation), and its persistence over time was assessed. Second, to assess the efficiency of PDI towards the virus, assays were performed in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a commonly used aqueous matrix, and a secondarily treated WW (a real WW matrix). Third, as WW is generally discharged into the marine environment after treatment, the safety of PDI-treated WW was assessed through the determination of the viability of native marine water microorganisms after their contact with the PDI-treated effluent. Overall, the results showed that, when used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2, phage φ6 remains viable in different environmental conditions for a considerable period. Moreover, PDI proved to be an efficient approach in the inactivation of the viruses, and the PDI-treated effluent showed no toxicity to native aquatic microorganisms under realistic dilution conditions, thus endorsing PDI as an efficient and safe tertiary WW disinfection method. Although all studies were performed with phage φ6, which is considered a suitable model of SARS-CoV-2, further studies using SARS-CoV-2 are necessary; nevertheless, the findings show the potential of PDI for controlling SARS-CoV-2 in WW.

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“…In addition, attention should be directed to applications that not only incur the most heat loss but also utilize a large amount of fuel to further amplify economic benefits from a more efficient energy conversion. One example would be commercial aircraft, which are consuming up to 95 billion gallons of diesel in 2019 (before the coronavirus pandemic) due to the booming aviation industry, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Furthermore, extra consideration should be taken for applications that utilize scarce material as energy sources, such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) powered by naturally occurring but limited radioactive oxides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Recycled Silicon and Silicon-Based Thermoelectrics for Power Generation

et al. 2022

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Thermoelectrics can convert waste heat to electricity and vice versa. The energy conversion efficiency depends on materials figure of merit, zT, and Carnot efficiency. Due to the higher Carnot efficiency at a higher temperature gradient, high-temperature thermoelectrics are attractive for waste heat recycling. Among high-temperature thermoelectrics, silicon-based compounds are attractive due to the confluence of light weight, high abundance, and low cost. Adding to their attractiveness is the generally defect-tolerant nature of thermoelectrics. This makes them a suitable target application for recycled silicon waste from electronic (e-waste) and solar cell waste. In this review, we summarize the usage of high-temperature thermoelectric generators (TEGs) in applications such as commercial aviation and space voyages. Special emphasis is placed on silicon-based compounds, which include some recent works on recycled silicon and their thermoelectric properties. Besides materials design, device designing considerations to further maximize the energy conversion efficiencies are also discussed. The insights derived from this review can be used to guide sustainable recycling of e-waste into thermoelectrics for power harvesting.

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SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: From detection to evaluation

Cited by 22 publications

References 151 publications

Multifaceted Assessment of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in Selected Urban Communities in Davao City, Philippines: A Pilot Study

Multifaceted Assessment of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in Selected Urban Communities in Davao City, Philippines: A Pilot Study

Photoinactivation of Phage Phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 Model in Wastewater: Evidence of Efficacy and Safety

Potential of Recycled Silicon and Silicon-Based Thermoelectrics for Power Generation

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