SARS-COV-2 in Ophthalmology: Current Evidence and Standards for Clinical Practice

Torres-Costa, Sónia; Lima-Fontes, Mário; Falcão‐Reis, Fernando; Falcão, Manuel

doi:10.20344/amp.14118

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In a recent meta-analysis on patients with COVID-19, conjunctivitis was observed in 88.8% of patients with ocular manifestation ( 7 ). The direct exposure of the conjunctiva to extraocular pathogens and the connectivity of the ocular surface mucosa and upper respiratory tract (through the nasolacrimal duct) are considered the main mechanisms for direct infection of conjunctival epithelium and the high prevalence of conjunctivitis ( 12 ). Furthermore, some have suggested that the expression of angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) in the conjunctival epithelium, aqueous humor, and retina acts as the receptor-binding motif of SARS-CoV and allows the virus for tissue spread ( 13 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study reported the detection rate of the virus in 0–11% of ocular swab samples ( 17 ). Nonetheless, the conflicting results considering the presence of virus in the tear does not change the necessity of eye protection for reducing the disease transmission ( 12 , 18 , 19 ). The effective drainage of the ocular surface (as the self-cleaning system) may be responsible for the detachment of the virus from the tear film and pass through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasopharyngeal space.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Update on overview of ocular manifestations of COVID-19

Akbari

Dourandeesh²

2022

Front. Med.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the most critical health crisis at present, and research is continued about the exact pathophysiology, presentations, and complications of this pandemic. It influences several organs, and many studies have addressed the organs, the involvement of which during the COVID-19 results in patients' death. One of the important organs that can be involved during COVID-19, which is also a transmission route of the disease, is the eye. According to the evidence, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can have ocular manifestations and complications. According to the literature, conjunctivitis is the most common presentation, which can develop at any stage of COVID-19 (during and even after the disease), and the major pathophysiology of the eye involvement during the disease is attributed to the direct effect of the virus on the eyes, tissue damage caused by inflammation, underlying diseases, and the adverse effect of the medications prescribed. There are also reports of life-threatening complications, such as rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis, which require urgent treatment and are associated with a great mortality rate. Ocular manifestations may also be the presentation of a life-threatening event, such as stroke; therefore, it is necessary to pay great attention to the ocular manifestations during COVID-19. In this review, after about 2 years of the pandemic started, we present a narrative review on ocular manifestations during COVID-19, categorized into three main categories; ophthalmic, orbital, and neuro-ophthalmological manifestations with a detailed description of the presenting symptoms, risk factor, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies suggested for each.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on overview of ocular manifestations of COVID-19

Akbari

Dourandeesh²

2022

Front. Med.

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“…Some studies have recommended the use of Goggles to protect the eyes as a site of COVID-19 transmission. Some studies have mentioned conjunctivitis as an early symptom of COVID-19 (26,27,(124)(125)(126)(127)(128). Refer to Table 8.…”

Section: Ocular Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Manifestations

Elrobaa

New

2021

Front. Public Health

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Introduction: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been the most significant event in 2020, with ~86.8 million cases and 1.88 million deaths worldwide. It is a highly infectious disease, wherein the virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) rapidly multiplies and spreads to all parts of the body. Therefore, COVID-19 is not only respiratory disease but also a multisystem disease. Many people, including physicians, incorrectly believe that the disease affects only the respiratory tract. In this study, we aimed to describe COVID-19 manifestations and the underlying pathophysiology to provide the readers with a better understanding of this disease to achieve good management and to control the spread of this disease.Methods: Secondary data were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The keywords used for the search were as follows: COVID-19, COVID-19 pulmonary manifestations, COVID-19 extra pulmonary manifestations, and pathophysiology of COVID-19. We collected secondary data from systemic reviews, metaanalyses, case series, and case reports in the form of public data that was published on websites of the government, medical corporations, medical peer-reviewed journals, and medical academies, all of which were indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, or Scopus. Our questions were as follows: Is COVID-19 a respiratory disease only? and What are the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19?Results: From our data, we found that a patient with COVID-19 may be either asymptomatic or symptomatic. Symptomatic cases may have either pulmonary or extrapulmonary manifestations. Pulmonary manifestations occur as mild, moderate, or severe cases. In mild and moderate cases, extrapulmonary manifestations such as gastroenteritis, fever, or vomiting may present alone. Some of these cases may be missed for diagnosis, and the patient may receive symptomatic treatment without a COVID-19 diagnosis, leading to increased spread of the infection. Extrapulmonary manifestations may occur in severe and critical cases as complications of severe infections (high viral overload) or the cytokine storm, such as in acute kidney injury (AKI), heart failure (HF), and venous thromboembolic (VTE) manifestation.Conclusion: COVID-19 is not a respiratory disease alone; rather, it is a multisystem disease. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations should be considered for early diagnosis and to control the spread of the infection.

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“…The AAO and RCOphth have recommended protection for the mouth and nose (e.g., filtering face piece respirator masks) and eyes (e.g., goggles, face-shields) [67,112]. The use of higher order PPE (i.e., FFP2/3) might be an option, in particular when pre-surgical SARS-CoV-2 screening is not available, however the choice of mask type would generally follow internal institutional protocols [27,90,112,113]. Some of these measures such as goggles, although mandatory, might impede focusing the microscope.…”

Section: Key Points For the Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking Elective Cataract Surgery Diagnostics, Assessments, and Tools after the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience and Beyond: Insights from the EUROCOVCAT Group

Tognetto

Brézin

Cummings³

et al. 2020

Diagnostics

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The progressive deterioration of the visual function in patients on waiting lists for cataract surgery has a negative impact on their quality of life, especially in the elderly population. Patient waiting times for cataract surgeries in many healthcare settings have increased recently due to the prolonged stop or slowdown of elective cataract surgery as a result of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The aim of this review is to highlight the impact of such a “de-prioritization” of cataract surgery and to summarize some critical issues and useful hints on how to reorganize cataract pathways, with a special focus on perioperative diagnostic tools during the recovery phase and beyond. The experiences of a group of surgeons originating from nine different countries, named the European COVID-19 Cataract Group (EUROCOVCAT), have been combined with the literature and recommendations from scientific ophthalmic societies and healthcare institutions. Key considerations for elective cataract surgery should include the reduction of the number of unnecessary visits and examinations, adoption of precautionary measures, and implementation of telemedicine instruments. New strategies should be adopted to provide an adequate level of assistance and to guarantee safety conditions. Flexibility will be the watchword and regular updates would be necessary following scientific insights and the development of the pandemic.

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SARS-COV-2 in Ophthalmology: Current Evidence and Standards for Clinical Practice

Cited by 10 publications

References 46 publications

Update on overview of ocular manifestations of COVID-19

Update on overview of ocular manifestations of COVID-19

COVID-19: Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Manifestations

Rethinking Elective Cataract Surgery Diagnostics, Assessments, and Tools after the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience and Beyond: Insights from the EUROCOVCAT Group

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