SARS-CoV-2 Footprints in the Placenta: What We Know after Three Years of the Pandemic

Tosto, Valentina; Meyyazhagan, Arun; Alqasem, Malek; Цибизова, В. И.; Renzo, Gian Carlo Di

doi:10.3390/jpm13040699

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Also, recent evidence suggests that the degree of SARS-Cov-2 and placental involvement could be crucial factors for adverse outcomes in pregnancy, including placental inflammation and vascular damage caused by the virus, hence putting the patient at risk for GDM[ 109 ]. However, further histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular genetics analyses are needed to contribute to the understanding of the epidemiological changes[ 110 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: The epidemic during the pandemic

Mendez,

Alpuing Radilla,

Delgadillo Chabolla

et al. 2023

World J Diabetes

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The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is growing in epidemic proportions and has become one of the most critical public health concerns. Cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The cardiovascular diseases that accompany diabetes include angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and congestive heart failure. Among the various risk factors generated secondary to hyperglycemic situations, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are one of the important targets for future diagnosis and prevention of diabetes. In the last decade, AGEs have drawn a lot of attention due to their involvement in diabetic patho-physiology. AGEs can be derived exogenously and endogenously through various pathways. These are a nonhomogeneous, chemically diverse group of compounds formed nonenzymatically by condensation between carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and free amino groups of protein, lipids, and nucleic acid. AGEs mediate their pathological effects at the cellular and extracellular levels by multiple pathways. At the cellular level, they activate signaling cascades via the receptor for AGEs and initiate a complex series of intracellular signaling resulting in reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, cellular proliferation, and fibrosis that may possibly exacerbate the damaging effects on cardiac functions in diabetics. AGEs also cause covalent modifications and cross-linking of serum and extracellular matrix proteins; altering their structure, stability, and functions. Early diagnosis of diabetes may prevent its progression to complications and decrease its associated comorbidities. In the present review, we recapitulate the role of AGEs as a crucial mediator of hyperglycemia-mediated detrimental effects in diabetes-associated complications. Furthermore, this review presents an overview of future perspectives for new therapeutic interventions to ameliorate cardiovascular complications in diabetes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: The epidemic during the pandemic

Mendez,

Alpuing Radilla,

Delgadillo Chabolla

et al. 2023

World J Diabetes

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“…The conclusion which was reached in one of the most recent reviews describing changes in the placenta of pregnant women during the three years of the pandemic is that following viral infection, maternal hypoxia can result in reduced placental blood flow and maternal vascular malperfusion, which can lead to villous infarction, hypoplasia of the distal villi, and arteriopathy in the decidua. However, confirmation of the impact of the changes described will require long-term observational programs [ 64 ].…”

Section: Influence Of Covid-19 On the Pregnancy Coursementioning

confidence: 99%

Stress of Prematurity in the Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic—Current State of Knowledge

Wagner

Bien

Aleksandra

et al. 2023

Life

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Stress is a process that triggers various physiological, hormonal and psychological mechanisms in response to a threat, which significantly affects the health of an individual. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced a lot of social changes that required constant adaptation to unfavorable conditions. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of stress related to this pandemic on pregnant women, mothers of premature infants and their families, and on obstetric complications, particularly preterm birth. A comprehensive literature review was performed using electronic databases such as Pubmed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Keywords such as: “prematurity”; “pregnancy”; “stress”; “COVID-19” and various combinations of the above were used. Maternal stress and anxiety increase the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the placenta, which in turn affects the incidence of preterm birth and many other related maternal and neonatal complications. In addition, it was found that SARS-CoV-2 infection may increase the risk of this phenomenon. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected preterm birth rates and the mental health of mothers of preterm infants, exacerbating their negative experience of having a premature baby. More research is needed to demonstrate the long-term effects of COVID-19 stress on prematurity.

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“…Many studies focused on evaluating COVID-19 entry factors that allow it to directly attack the placenta. The most widely accepted mechanism currently for SARS-CoV-2 entering host cells is via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor [13], the expression of which plays a primary role in COVID-19 infection of the placenta [14] as shown in Figure 1. Based on these observations, SARS-CoV-2, in rare cases, had the capacity to enter the syncytiotrophoblast layer, the boundary between maternal and fetal compartments.…”

Section: Covid Placentitis Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A History of COVID-19 in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review

Chaudhry,

Aboudawoud,

Hardy

2023

JCM

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread across the world causing a global pandemic. During a pandemic, it becomes increasing important to evaluate the effects on specific populations at risk. In this narrative review, we analyzed the literature regarding COVID-19 infection on the pregnant population as they are at increased risk of infection. COVID-19 did seem to significantly increase the risk of obstetric complications, specifically in underserved and marginalized populations. In general, COVID-19 rarely directly infected the fetus and placenta, apart from a very rare complication called COVID placentitis. In actuality, the mothers were at greatest direct risk due to COVID-19 infection. The most important takeaway from this pandemic is the prospective lesson and effect it had on social determinants of health. Women did not have safe access to antenatal care, leading to a plethora of indirect obstetric complications due to COVID-19. In conclusion, it was women who suffered from the pandemic, not the placenta nor the fetus. It is our duty as physicians to protect pregnant women, allowing the placenta to protect the fetus.

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SARS-CoV-2 Footprints in the Placenta: What We Know after Three Years of the Pandemic

Cited by 4 publications

References 65 publications

Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: The epidemic during the pandemic

Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: The epidemic during the pandemic

Stress of Prematurity in the Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic—Current State of Knowledge

A History of COVID-19 in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review

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