SARS-CoV-2 Cysteine-like Protease Antibodies Can Be Detected in Serum and Saliva of COVID-19–Seropositive Individuals

Martínez‐Fleta, Pedro; Alfranca, Arántzazu; González‐Álvaro, Isidoro; Casasnovas, José M.; Fernández‐Soto, Daniel; Esteso, Gloria; Cáceres‐Martell, Yaiza; Gardeta, Sofía R; López‐Sanz, Celia; Prat, Salomé; Mateu‐Albero, Tamara; Gabrie, Ligia; López‐Granados, Eduardo; Sánchez-Madrid, Francisco; Reyburn, Hugh; Frade, José Miguel Rodríguez; Valés‐Gómez, Mar

doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000842

Cited by 35 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…High intraindividual and interindividual variability was observed in antibody presence, and significant differences for all three antibody classes were identified when compared with the prepandemic samples. 18 We did not detect time-dependent quantitative differences in endpoint titres for the different antibody classes, most likely due to high interindividual variability. However, we found a time-dependent increase in IgG-positive samples collected from day 41 up to day 206 post-PCR diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…We corroborated our results using the MPro antigen. 18 Milk samples from COVID-19 infected and recovered donors still showed significantly higher reactivity to the MPro antigen than the prepandemic samples ( online supplemental figure S5 ). Noteworthy, the positivity rate using this antigen decreased from 67.6% to 42.3% for IgA and from 64.2% to 31.3% for IgG.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibody detection in breast milk from a prospective multicentre study in Spain

Bäuerl

Randazzo

Sánchez

et al. 2021

Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed

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ObjectivesTo develop and validate a specific protocol for SARS-CoV-2 detection in breast milk matrix and to determine the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on the presence, concentration and persistence of specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.Design and patientsThis is a prospective, multicentre longitudinal study (April–December 2020) in 60 mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or who have recovered from COVID-19. A control group of 13 women before the pandemic were also included.SettingSeven health centres from different provinces in Spain.Main outcome measuresPresence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in breast milk, targeting the N1 region of the nucleocapsid gene and the envelope (E) gene; presence and levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulins (Igs)—IgA, IgG and IgM—in breast milk samples from patients with COVID-19.ResultsAll breast milk samples showed negative results for presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. We observed high intraindividual and interindividual variability in the antibody response to the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for each of the three isotypes IgA, IgM and IgG. Main Protease (MPro) domain antibodies were also detected in milk. 82.9% (58 of 70) of milk samples were positive for at least one of the three antibody isotypes, with 52.9% of these positive for all three Igs. Positivity rate for IgA was relatively stable over time (65.2%–87.5%), whereas it raised continuously for IgG (from 47.8% for the first 10 days to 87.5% from day 41 up to day 206 post-PCR confirmation).ConclusionsOur study confirms the safety of breast feeding and highlights the relevance of virus-specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody transfer. This study provides crucial data to support official breastfeeding recommendations based on scientific evidence.Trial registration numberNCT04768244.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibody detection in breast milk from a prospective multicentre study in Spain

Bäuerl

Randazzo

Sánchez

et al. 2021

Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed

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“…Following acute SARS-COV-2 infection, the time lag for the appearance of early IgM and late IgG antibodies ranges between 6 and 28 days being longer in milder cases (101,128,129). IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies responses to the SARS-CoV-2 cysteinelike protease have also been reported in patients with COVID-19, and these responses correlate with antibody titers to the nucleocapsid protein (130). It is likely that viral clearance and recovery require coordinated B and T cell function but what is not clear is if it provides long-lasting immunity and protection from reinfection, which is crucial when considering the variable immune responses, and the prospects of protective vaccination (101).…”

Section: Humoral Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Viral Characteristics, Transmission, Pathophysiology, Immune Response, and Management of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as a Basis for Controlling the Pandemic

et al. 2021

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COVID-19 emerged from China in December 2019 and during 2020 spread to every continent including Antarctica. The coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative pathogen, and its spread has stretched the capacities of healthcare systems and negatively affected the global economy. This review provides an update on the virus, including the genome, the risks associated with the emergence of variants, mode of transmission, immune response, COVID-19 in children and the elderly, and advances made to contain, prevent and manage the disease. Although our knowledge of the mechanics of virus transmission and the immune response has been substantially demystified, concerns over reinfection, susceptibility of the elderly and whether asymptomatic children promote transmission remain unanswered. There are also uncertainties about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and why there are variations in clinical presentations and why some patients suffer from long lasting symptoms—“the long haulers.” To date, there are no significantly effective curative drugs for COVID-19, especially after failure of hydroxychloroquine trials to produce positive results. The RNA polymerase inhibitor, remdesivir, facilitates recovery of severely infected cases but, unlike the anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone, does not reduce mortality. However, vaccine development witnessed substantial progress with several being approved in countries around the globe.

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“…The Spike (S) protein is a dominant immunoreactive protein and has several recognized regions, including the receptor binding domain [33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Other recognized antigens commonly include Nucleocapsid (N), Membrane (M), orf3a, orf6, orf8, orf10, and Nsp5 (Mpro or 3CLpro) (Figure 1) [36,37,[39][40][41][42][43][44]. The latter may or may not include structural proteins of intact virus and may arise as proteins derived during the processes of infection.…”

Section: Immunogens and Humoral Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others have found no consistent IgG/IgA correlation for intensity of production [34]. Quantitation by most methods increase with the severity of infection [33,34,36,41,50,52,56,60,[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]. Severe disease may be associated with a delay of the humoral response [88].…”

Section: Immunogens and Humoral Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients

Cimolai¹

2021

CHI

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In the absence of effective antiviral chemotherapy and still in the context of emerging vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infections, passive immunotherapy remains a key treatment and possible prevention strategy. What might initially be conceived as a simplified donor-recipient process, the intricacies of donor plasma, IV immunoglobulins, and monoclonal antibody modality applications are becoming more apparent. Key targets of such treatment have largely focused on virus neutralization and the specific viral components of the attachment Spike protein and its constituents (e.g., receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain). The cumulative laboratory and clinical experience suggests that beneficial protective and treatment outcomes are possible. Both a dose-and a time-dependency emerge. Lesser understood are the concepts of bioavailability and distribution. Apart from direct antigen binding from protective immunoglobulins, antibody effector functions have potential roles in outcome. In attempting to mimic the natural but variable response to infection or vaccination, a strong functional polyclonal approach attracts the potential benefits of attacking antigen diversity, high antibody avidity, antibody persistence, and protection against escape viral mutation. The availability and ease of administration for any passive immunotherapy product must be considered in the current climate of need. There is never a perfect product, but yet there is considerable room for improving patient outcomes. Given the variability of human genetics, immunity, and disease, and given the nuances of the virus and its potential for change, passive immunotherapy can be developed that will be effective for some but not all patients. An understanding of such patient variability and limitations is just as important as the understanding of the direct interactions between immunotherapy and virus.

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SARS-CoV-2 Cysteine-like Protease Antibodies Can Be Detected in Serum and Saliva of COVID-19–Seropositive Individuals

Cited by 35 publications

References 16 publications

SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibody detection in breast milk from a prospective multicentre study in Spain

SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibody detection in breast milk from a prospective multicentre study in Spain

A Comprehensive Review of Viral Characteristics, Transmission, Pathophysiology, Immune Response, and Management of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as a Basis for Controlling the Pandemic

Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients

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