SARS-CoV-2: Current trends in emerging variants, pathogenesis, immune responses, potential therapeutic, and vaccine development strategies

Salimi-Jeda, Ali; S, Abbassi; Mousavizadeh, Atieh; Esghaie, Maryam; Bokharaei‐Salim, Farah; Jeddi, Farhad; Shafaati, Maryam; Abdoli, Asghar

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108232

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 378 publications

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“…Moreover, these could also limit the efficacy of the presently accessible COVID-19 vaccines and immunotherapies. As the results, breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in both vaccinated and recovered patients, re-infection, and impeding the protective herd immunity might occur 12 , 19 , 33 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 .…”

Section: Emerging Sars-cov-2 Variantsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…SARS-CoV-2-host interactions, adaptation, evolutionary dynamics, mechanisms of genomic mutation or variation need deeper studies to understand higher transmissibility and pathogenicity acquired by emerging variants. This could be performed by strengthening medical research facilities and trained staff for conducting gene sequencing, identification and characterization of emerging variants, and a highly collaborative approach at the global level for updating genomic and epidemiological data repository which would altogether facilitate to tackle the emerging variants in a more effective manner 41 , 43 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 .…”

Section: Strategies To Control Omicronmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Global emerging Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Impacts, challenges and strategies

Dhama

Nainu

Frediansyah

et al. 2023

Journal of Infection and Public Health

156

119

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Section: Emerging Sars-cov-2 Variantsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Strategies To Control Omicronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global emerging Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Impacts, challenges and strategies

Dhama

Nainu

Frediansyah

et al. 2023

Journal of Infection and Public Health

156

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“… Cevik et al, 2021 , Domingo and Perales, 2018 , Gü nl et al, 2021 , Kupferschmidt and Vogel, 2021 , Li et al, 2021 , Mahase, 2021f , Redwan, 2021 , Salimi-Jeda et al, 2021 , Sarah, 2021 , Wang et al, 2021 , Zhang et al, 2021 .…”

Section: Uncited Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

Khandia

Singhal

Alqahtani

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

239

196

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Since the appearance in the late of December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly evolving and mutating continuously, giving rise to various variants with variable degrees of infectivity and lethality. The virus that initially appeared in China later mutated several times, wreaking havoc and claiming many lives worldwide amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. After Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants, the most recently emerged variant of concern (VOC) is the Omicron (B.1.1.529) that has evolved due to the accumulation of high numbers of mutations especially in the spike protein, raising concerns for its ability to evade from pre-existing immunity acquired through vaccination or natural infection as well as overpowering antibodies-based therapies. Several theories are on the surface to explain how the Omicron has gathered such a high number of mutations within less time. Few of them are higher mutation rates within a subgroup of population and then its introduction to a larger population, long term persistence and evolution of the virus in immune-compromised patients, and epizootic infection in animals from humans, where under different immune pressures the virus mutated and then got reintroduced to humans. Multifaceted approach including rapid diagnosis, genome analysis of emerging variants, ramping up of vaccination drives and receiving booster doses, efficacy testing of vaccines and immunotherapies against newly emerged variants, updating the available vaccines, designing of multivalent vaccines able to generate hybrid immunity, up-gradation of medical facilities and strict implementation of adequate prevention and control measures need to be given high priority to handle the on-going SARS-CoV-2 pandemic successfully.

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“…As of 26 January 2022, a total of 360 million confirmed cases and a total of 5.6 million deaths have been confirmed worldwide [ 2 ]. Multiple vaccines based on the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2 have been approved, and vaccine coverage has reached over 70% in many regions and countries; however, herd-immunity has not been reached due to waning immunity over time [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] and the emergence of new variants [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccine Based on Alpha and Beta Variants Elicits Potent and Broad Immune Responses in Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Wang

Sun

et al. 2022

Vaccines

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With the emergence and rapid spread of new pandemic variants, especially variants of concern (VOCs), the development of next-generation vaccines with broad-spectrum neutralizing activities is of great importance. In this study, SCTV01C, a clinical stage bivalent vaccine based on trimeric spike extracellular domain (S-ECD) of SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Beta (B.1.351) with a squalene-based oil-in-water adjuvant was evaluated in comparison to its two corresponding (Alpha and Beta) monovalent vaccines in mouse immunogenicity studies. The two monovalent vaccines induced potent neutralizing antibody responses against the antigen-matched variants, but drastic reductions in neutralizing antibody titers against antigen-mismatched variants were observed. In comparison, the bivalent vaccine SCTV01C induced relatively higher and broad-spectrum cross-neutralizing activities against various SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the D614G variant, VOCs (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.1.529), variants of interest (VOIs) (C.37, B.1.621), variants under monitoring (VUMs) (B.1.526, B.1.617.1, B.1.429, C.36.3) and other variants (B.1.618, 20I/484Q). All three vaccines elicited potent Th1-biased T-cell immune responses. These results provide direct evidence that variant-based multivalent vaccines could play important roles in addressing the critical issue of reduced protective efficacy against the existing and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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SARS-CoV-2: Current trends in emerging variants, pathogenesis, immune responses, potential therapeutic, and vaccine development strategies

Cited by 18 publications

References 378 publications

Global emerging Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Impacts, challenges and strategies

Global emerging Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Impacts, challenges and strategies

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

A Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccine Based on Alpha and Beta Variants Elicits Potent and Broad Immune Responses in Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Variants

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