SARS-CoV-2 collective immunity among the population of the Republic of Armenia
Abstract: Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a substantial global health crisis, unparalleled in world history. Infection dynamics can have specific characteristics in different countries due to social, economic, climatic, or geographic factors. Aim: to study features of SARS-CoV-2 collective immunity among the Armenian population. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional, randomized study of collective immunity was carried out according to a program developed by Rospotrebnadzor and the St. Petersburg Pasteur … Show more
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The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic over the past three years has caused close attention to the problem of herd immunity, which is understood as: "resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population or herd". Collective immunity is formed both as a result of infection (natural spread of the pathogen in a population of susceptible individuals) and as a result of the use of specific vaccines. During the COVID-19 pandemic, both mechanisms for the formation of collective immunity were realized. In the first wave, there was a natural formation of collective immunity to the virus following recoveries from COVID-19 caused by pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2. Starting from December 2020, the widespread use of specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 began in the USA, Great Britain, China, Russia, and a number of other countries. This launched the process of post-vaccination collective immunity formation; its features have depended on the vaccine types implemented. Currently, in those countries where vaccination and revaccination of recovered patients is widely carried out, immunity is "hybrid" in nature. Several commonalities should be noted in the pandemic experience: a somewhat regular, periodic (wavelike) nature of the COVID-19 epidemic process; changes in pathogen genetics in variants in all countries; and expansive mass vaccination programs in many populations. From these, we can draw some conclusions about the general trend for all countries in the formation of collective immunity during the pandemic: At the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, overall population seroprevalence did not exceed 20%. Other findings were: the highest seroprevalence rates were noted in the children's age group; pronounced regional differences were revealed; and the highest indicators were noted among medical workers. Collective immunity developed as a result of infection or illness, and in the majority of seropositive volunteers, it was represented by antibodies to both antigens. At the height of the pandemic in the summer of 2021, population seroprevalence reached 50%. This was due to both a significant number of convalescents and the start of mass vaccination campaigns. In all countries, specific differences in seroprevalence (by age, region, profession) leveled out, leading to more uniformity. During this period, the formation of "hybrid" immunity is clearly prominent, and the proportion of individuals with antibodies to RBD alone increased (due to vaccination with vector vaccines). Later, mass vaccination, as well as involvement of most of the population in the epidemic process due to the emergence of the highly contagious Omicron strain, raised the level of collective immunity to 80-90%. This led to a sharp decrease in COVID-19 incidence in the second half of 2022 in all countries participating in the study. In the later stages of the pandemic (2022-2023), almost 90% of seropositive volunteers had hybrid immunity, reflected as antibodies to both antigens (Nc, RBD).
The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic over the past three years has caused close attention to the problem of herd immunity, which is understood as: "resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population or herd". Collective immunity is formed both as a result of infection (natural spread of the pathogen in a population of susceptible individuals) and as a result of the use of specific vaccines. During the COVID-19 pandemic, both mechanisms for the formation of collective immunity were realized. In the first wave, there was a natural formation of collective immunity to the virus following recoveries from COVID-19 caused by pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2. Starting from December 2020, the widespread use of specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 began in the USA, Great Britain, China, Russia, and a number of other countries. This launched the process of post-vaccination collective immunity formation; its features have depended on the vaccine types implemented. Currently, in those countries where vaccination and revaccination of recovered patients is widely carried out, immunity is "hybrid" in nature. Several commonalities should be noted in the pandemic experience: a somewhat regular, periodic (wavelike) nature of the COVID-19 epidemic process; changes in pathogen genetics in variants in all countries; and expansive mass vaccination programs in many populations. From these, we can draw some conclusions about the general trend for all countries in the formation of collective immunity during the pandemic: At the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, overall population seroprevalence did not exceed 20%. Other findings were: the highest seroprevalence rates were noted in the children's age group; pronounced regional differences were revealed; and the highest indicators were noted among medical workers. Collective immunity developed as a result of infection or illness, and in the majority of seropositive volunteers, it was represented by antibodies to both antigens. At the height of the pandemic in the summer of 2021, population seroprevalence reached 50%. This was due to both a significant number of convalescents and the start of mass vaccination campaigns. In all countries, specific differences in seroprevalence (by age, region, profession) leveled out, leading to more uniformity. During this period, the formation of "hybrid" immunity is clearly prominent, and the proportion of individuals with antibodies to RBD alone increased (due to vaccination with vector vaccines). Later, mass vaccination, as well as involvement of most of the population in the epidemic process due to the emergence of the highly contagious Omicron strain, raised the level of collective immunity to 80-90%. This led to a sharp decrease in COVID-19 incidence in the second half of 2022 in all countries participating in the study. In the later stages of the pandemic (2022-2023), almost 90% of seropositive volunteers had hybrid immunity, reflected as antibodies to both antigens (Nc, RBD).
Эл Аралык Сероэпидемиологиялык Изилдөөлөрдү Жүргүзүүдө Эл Аралык Кызматташтыктын Тажрыйбасы.
Российская Федерация проводит последовательную работу по оказанию содействия странам - партнерам в наращивании научного потенциала и расширении сотрудничества в рамках изучения инфекционных заболеваний. В начале пандемии COVID-19, при поддержке Правительства Российской Федерации Роспотребнадзором была разработана многоэтапная программа серомониторинга иммунитета населения к SARSCoV-2, которая была реализована в Российской Федерации, Кыргызс кой Республике, Республике Беларусь, Республике Армения и Республике Таджикистан. В исследования включили разные возрастные и профессиональных групп перечисленных стран. У волонтеров оценивали уровни IgG антител к двум основным антигенам SARS CoV-2: нуклеокапсиду (Nc) и рецептор-связывающему домену S-белка (RBD) в силу их максимальной представленности во время инфекционного или поствакцинального процессов. В целом, в тех странах, где исследование начали в 2020-2021 году отмечена устойчивая тенденция к росту уровня популяционного иммунитета (доли серопозитивных лиц) в ходе пандемии. А в тех странах которые подключились к исследованию в более поздний период развития пандемии в 2022 году значительная часть населения уже перенесла COVID-19 в манифестной или бессимптомной форме, поэтому не были выявлены статистически значимые возрастные, профессиональные и территориальные отличия в серопревалентности населения как вследствие интенсивного «проэпидемичивания», так и вследствие кампании по вакцинации, начавшейся в середине 2021 года. В первой половине 2021 г. и активно проводившаяся во всех странах вакцинация против коронавируса (как первичная, так и бустерная) стали главными причинами повышения уровня популяционного иммунитета. При этом в структуре серопозитивности произошел сдвиг в сторону увеличения доли лиц, имевших антитела только к RBD. На поздних сроках пандемии в 2022-2023 годах практически у 90% серопозитивных волонтёров гуморальный иммунитет был представлен антителами к обоим антигенам (Nc+RBD). Очевидно, что на поздних сроках пандемии в условиях высокой заболеваемости высоко трансмиссивным штаммом и высокого охвата вакцинацией популяционный иммунитет является «гибридным». The Russian Federation has been working consistently to assist partner countries in building scientific capacity and expanding co-operation in the study of infectious diseases. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation, Rospotrebnadzor developed a multi-stage programme of seromonitoring of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2, which was implemented in the Russian Federation, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Tajikistan. Different age and professional groups of the countries were included in the studies. IgG antibody levels to two major SARS CoV2 antigens: nucleocapsid (Nc) and receptor-binding domain S-protein (RBD) were assessed in volunteers because of their maximal presence during the infection or postvaccination processes. In general, in those countries where the study began in 2020-2021, there was a steady trend towards increasing levels of population immunity (the proportion of seropositive individuals) during the pandemic. In those countries that joined the study later in the pandemic in 2022, a significant proportion of the population had already experienced COVID-19 in manifest or asymptomatic form, so there were no statistically significant age, occupational or geographic differences in seroprevalence due to both the intensive "pro-epidemic" and the vaccination campaign that began in mid-2021. In the first half of 2021, vaccination against coronavirus (both primary and booster), which was actively carried out in all countries, became the main reasons for the increase in the level of population immunity. At the same time, there was a shift in the structure of seropositivity towards an increase in the proportion of individuals who had antibodies only to RBD. At the late dates of the pandemic in 2022-2023, almost 90% of seropositive volunteers had humoral immunity represented by antibodies to both antigens (Nc+RBD). It is evident that population immunity is "hybrid" in the late pandemic, under conditions of high incidence of a highly transmissible strain and high vaccination coverage. Россия Федерациясы өнөктөш өлкөлөргө илимий потенциалды жогорулатууда жана жугуштуу ооруларды изилдөөдө кызматташтыкты кеңейтүүдө жардам көрсөтүү боюнча ырааттуу иш алып барууда. COVID-19 пандемиясынын башталышында Россия Федерациясынын Өкмөтүнүн колдоосу менен Роспотребнадзор калктын SARS-CoV-2ге каршы иммунитетине серомониторинг жүргүзүү боюнча көп этаптуупрограмманы иштеп чыккан, ал Россия Федерациясында, Кыргыз Республикасында, Беларусь Республикасында, Армения Республикасында жана Тажикстан Республикасында ишке ашырылган. Изилдөөлөр тизмеленген өлкөлөрдүн ар кандай курактагы жана кесипкөй топторун камтыган. Ыктыярчылар SARS CoV-2нин эки негизги антигенине IgG антителолорунун деңгээли боюнча бааланган: нуклеокапсид (Nc) жана S протеининин (RBD) рецепторду байланыштырган домени, алардын инфекциялык же эмдөөдөн кийинки процесстеринде максималдуу өкүлчүлүгүнө байланыштуу. Жалпысынан 2020-2021-жылдары изилдөө башталган өлкөлөрдө пандемия учурунда калктын иммунитетинин деңгээлинин (серопозитивдүү адамдардын үлүшү) жогорулашынын туруктуу тенденциясы байкалган. Ал эми 2022-жылы пандемиянын өнүгүшүнүн кийинки мезгилинде изилдөөгө кошулган өлкөлөрдө калктын олуттуу бөлүгү COVID-19дан манифесттик же симптомсуз түрдө ооруган, ошондуктан статистикалык маанилүү айырмачылыктар жаш курагы, кесиптик жана аймактык калктын, серопреваленттүүлүгү интенсивдүү “эпидемияга каршы” жана 2021-жылдын ортосунда башталган эмдөө өнөктүгүнүн натыйжасында аныкталган жок. 2021-жылдын биринчи жарымында бардык өлкөлөрдө активдүү жүргүзүлүп жаткан коронавируска каршы эмдөө (баштапкы да, бутер да) калктын иммунитетинин деңгээлинин жогорулашынын негизги себептери болуп калды. Ошол эле учурда,серопозитивдүүлүк структурасында RBDга гана антителолору бар адамдардын үлүшүнүн көбөйүшүнө карай жылыш болгон. 2022-2023-жылдардагы пандемиянын кийинки этаптарында серопозитивдүү волонтерлордун дээрлик 90% эки антигендерге (Nc+RBD) антителолор менен гуморалдык иммунитетке ээ болушкан. Пандемиянын кийинки этаптарында, өтө өтүүчү штаммдын пайда болушунун жана вакцинациянын жогорку камтылышынын шарттарында калктын иммунитети “гибриддик” экендиги айдан ачык.
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