SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence in India: Findings from the Second Nationwide Household Serosurvey, August - September 2020

Murhekar, Manoj; Bhatnagar, Tarun; Selvaraju, Sriram; Velusamy, Saravanakumar; Thangaraj, Jeromie Wesley Vivian; Shah, Naman K.; Kumar, Muthusamy Santhosh; Rade, Kiran; Sabarinathan, R.; Asthana, Smita; Balachandar, Rakesh; Bangar, Sampada Dipak; Bansal, Avi Kumar; Bhat, Jyothi; Chopra, Vishal; Das, Dasarathi; Devi, Kangjam Rekha; Dwivedi, Gaurav Raj; Khan, S. Muhammad Salim; Kumar, C. P. Girish; Kumar, M. Sunil; Laxmaiah, Avula; Madhukar, Major; Mahapatra, Amarendra; Mohanty, Suman Sundar; Rangaraju, Chethana; Turuk, Alka; Baradwaj, Dinesh Kumar; Chahal, Ashrafjit S.; Debnath, Falguni; Haq, Inaamul; Kalliath, Arshad; Kanungo, Srikanta; Kshatri, Jaya Singh; Lakshmi, Gangeti Gandhi Jayanthi Naga; Mitra, Anindya; Nirmala, A; Prasad, Ganta Venkata; Qurieshi, Mariya Amin; Sahay, Seema; Sangwan, Ramesh Kumar; Sekar, Krithikaa; Shukla, Vijay Kumar; Singh, Prashant Kumar; Singh, Pushpendra; Singh, Rajeev; Varma, Dantuluri Sheethal; Viramgami, Ankit; Panda, Samiran; Reddy, D. C. S.; Bhargava, Balram

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3715460

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, suboptimal adherence to the recommended non- pharmaceutical measures including masking, social distancing, and hand hygiene especially in overcrowded households probably also contributed to the high rates of infection. Our study findings are in agreement with previous serosurvey reports across India which also observed significantly higher odds of antibody positivity in slums and overcrowded households [15, 25-6] which in this study also correlated with the socioeconomic status of the participants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The seroprevalence and trends of SARS-CoV-2 in Delhi, India: A repeated population-based seroepidemiological study

Sharma

Basu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundThree rounds of a repeated cross-sectional serosurvey to estimate the seroprevalence and trends of SARS-CoV-2 were conducted from August-October’ 2020 in the state of Delhi in India in the general population aged ≥5 years.MethodsThe selection of participants was through a multi-stage sampling design from all the 11 districts and 280 wards of the city-state, with two-stage allocation proportional to population- size. Household selected was via systematic random sampling, and individual participant selection through the age-order procedure. The blood samples were screened using the IgG ELISA COVID-Kawach kit (August Round), and the ERBALISA COVID-19 IgG (September and October) rounds. The seroprevalence was estimated by applying the sampling weights based on age and sex with further adjustment for the assay-kit characteristics.ResultsA total of 4267 (n=15046), 4311 (n=17409), and 3829 (n=15015) positive tests indicative of the presence of IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2 were observed during the August, September, and October 2020 serosurvey rounds, respectively. The adjusted seroprevalence declined from 28.39% (95% CI 27.65-29.14) (August) to 24.08% (95% CI 23.43-24.74) (September), and 24.71% (95% CI 24.01, 25.42%) (October). The antibody positivity was highest in the ≥50 and female age-group during all rounds of the serosurvey, while the decline was maximum among the younger age-group (5-17 years). On adjusted analysis, participants with lower per capita income, living in slums or overcrowded households, and those with diabetes comorbidity had significantly higher statistical odds of antibody positivity.ConclusionsDespite high IgG seroprevalence, there was evidence for waning of antibody positivity with the progression of the COVID-19 epidemic, implying a potential reduction in population immunity, especially if also associated with the lack of trained T cell immunity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The seroprevalence and trends of SARS-CoV-2 in Delhi, India: A repeated population-based seroepidemiological study

Sharma

Basu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Values higher than 1 suggest greater under-reporting of infections (due to both mild or asymptomatic infections, care-seeking behaviours, and testing practices). 27 USA, California, Marin (Appa et al 2020) 28 USA, California, Orange (Bruckner et al 2021) 29 USA, Connecticut (Mahajan et al 2020) 30 USA, Georgia, DeKalb and Fulton (Biggs et al 2020) 31 USA, Idaho, Blaine (McLaughlin et al 2020) 32 USA, Utah, four counties (Samore et al 2020) 33 Denmark, Faroe Islands (Petersen et al 2020) 34 Germany, Kreis Heinsberg, Gangelt (Streeck et al 2020) 35 Luxembourg (Snoeck et al 2020) 36 Netherlands (Vos et al 2020) 37 Russia, Saint Petersburg (Barchuk et al 2020) 38 Spain (Pollán et al 2020) 39 Switzerland, Geneva (Richard et al 2020) 40 Switzerland, Geneva (Stringhini et al 2020) 41 UK, England (Office of National Statistics 2020) 42 UK, England (Ward et al 2020) 43 UK, Jersey (Government of Jersey 2020) 44 India (Murhekar et al 2020 ) 45 India (Murhekar et al 2021) 46 India, Delhi (Sharma et al 2020) 47 India, Mumbai (Malani et might lead to mis-specification of assay performance. 53 Notably, although WHO has established a generic population-based serological study protocol, standardised guidelines and procedures for laboratory testing are scarce, which might contribute towards such heterogeneity in performance and reporting of results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological evidence of human infection with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Azman³

et al. 2021

The Lancet Global Health

211

227

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Background A rapidly increasing number of serological surveys for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 have been reported worldwide. We aimed to synthesise, combine, and assess this large corpus of data.Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and five preprint servers for articles published in English between Dec 1, 2019, and Dec 22, 2020. Studies evaluating SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in humans after the first identified case in the area were included. Studies that only reported serological responses among patients with COVID-19, those using known infection status samples, or any animal experiments were all excluded. All data used for analysis were extracted from included papers. Study quality was assessed using a standardised scale. We estimated age-specific, sex-specific, and race-specific seroprevalence by WHO regions and subpopulations with different levels of exposures, and the ratio of serology-identified infections to virologically confirmed cases. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020198253.Findings 16 506 studies were identified in the initial search, 2523 were assessed for eligibility after removal of duplicates and inappropriate titles and abstracts, and 404 serological studies (representing tests in 5 168 360 individuals) were included in the meta-analysis. In the 82 studies of higher quality, close contacts (18•0%, 95% CI 15•7-20•3) and highrisk health-care workers (17•1%, 9•9-24•4) had higher seroprevalence than did low-risk health-care workers (4•2%, 1•5-6•9) and the general population (8•0%, 6•8-9•2). The heterogeneity between included studies was high, with an overall I² of 99•9% (p<0•0001). Seroprevalence varied greatly across WHO regions, with the lowest seroprevalence of general populations in the Western Pacific region (1•7%, 95% CI 0•0-5•0). The pooled infection-to-case ratio was similar between the region of the Americas (6•9, 95% CI 2•7-17•3) and the European region (8•4, 6•5-10•7), but higher in India (56•5, 28•5-112•0), the only country in the South-East Asia region with data.Interpretation Antibody-mediated herd immunity is far from being reached in most settings. Estimates of the ratio of serologically detected infections per virologically confirmed cases across WHO regions can help provide insights into the true proportion of the population infected from routine confirmation data.

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“…Therefore, the relatively high prevalence of individuals who were already infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 along with the currently rapidly increasing number of vaccinated individuals may work in concert towards an ensuring ‘herd immunity’ that will hopefully bend this pandemic within the near future 2,23,24 . This may already be the case in some countries such as India, where seroprevalence rose rapidly from 0.7% in May to 7% in August and 60% in November in national surveys 25‐27 . Accordingly, the epidemic wave in India (both for documented cases and for COVID‐19 deaths) has largely abated by February 2021.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 re‐infection risk in Austria

Pilz

Chakeri

Ioannidis

et al. 2021

Eur J Clin Investigation

137

179

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Background A key question concerning coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is how effective and long lasting immunity against this disease is in individuals who were previously infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). We aimed to evaluate the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 re‐infections in the general population in Austria. Methods This is a retrospective observational study using national SARS‐CoV‐2 infection data from the Austrian epidemiological reporting system. As the primary outcome, we aim to compare the odds of SARS‐CoV‐2 re‐infections of COVID‐19 survivors of the first wave (February to April 30, 2020) versus the odds of first infections in the remainder general population by tracking polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐confirmed infections of both groups during the second wave from September 1 to November 30, 2020. Re‐infection counts are tentative, since it cannot be excluded that the positive PCR in the first and/or second wave might have been a false positive. Results We recorded 40 tentative re‐infections in 14 840 COVID‐19 survivors of the first wave (0.27%) and 253 581 infections in 8 885 640 individuals of the remaining general population (2.85%) translating into an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.09 (0.07 to 0.13). Conclusions We observed a relatively low re‐infection rate of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Austria. Protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 after natural infection is comparable with the highest available estimates on vaccine efficacies. Further well‐designed research on this issue is urgently needed for improving evidence‐based decisions on public health measures and vaccination strategies.

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SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence in India: Findings from the Second Nationwide Household Serosurvey, August - September 2020

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

The seroprevalence and trends of SARS-CoV-2 in Delhi, India: A repeated population-based seroepidemiological study

The seroprevalence and trends of SARS-CoV-2 in Delhi, India: A repeated population-based seroepidemiological study

Serological evidence of human infection with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

SARS‐CoV‐2 re‐infection risk in Austria

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