SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack

Abstract

Paramount efforts worldwide are seeking to increase understanding of the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, characterize the spectrum of complications associated with COVID-19, and develop vaccines that can protect from new and recurrent infections with SARS-CoV-2. While we continue learning about this new virus, it is clear that 1) the virus is spread via the respiratory route, primarily by droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites, as well as by aerosol formation during invasive respiratory procedures; 2) the airborne route is still controversial; and 3) that those infected can spread the virus without necessarily developing asymptomatic). With the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increasing globally, the possibility of co-infections and/or co-morbidities is becoming more concerning. Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one such example of polyparasitism of interest. This military-themed comparative review of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV details their virology and describes them figuratively as separate enemy armies. HIV, an old enemy dug into trenches in individuals already infected, and SARS-CoV-2 the new army, attempting to attack and capture territories, tissues and organs, in order to provide resources for their expansion. This analogy serves to aid in discussion of three main areas of focus and draw attention to how these viruses may cooperate to gain the upper hand in securing a host. Here we compare their target, the key receptors found on those tissues, viral lifecycles and tactics for immune response surveillance. The last focus is on the immune response to infection, addressing similarities in cytokines released. While the majority of HIV cases can be successfully managed with antiretroviral therapy nowadays, treatments for SARS-CoV-2 are still undergoing research given the novelty of this army.

Features of Pathobiology and Clinical Translation of Approved Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019

“…The first SARS-CoV-2 targets human cells, such as nasal and bronchial epithelial cells and pneumocystis, through the binding of viral structural S glycoprotein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as a zinc-containing metalloenzyme, which is widely expressed in many cells [ 21 ]. The attachment of receptor-binding domain (RBD) located on the surface of S glycoprotein to ACE2 prompts endocytosis of the virus [ 22 ].…”

Global analysis of within-host SARS-CoV-2/HIV coinfection model with latency

“…The first case of SARS-CoV-2/HIV coinfection was reported for a 61-year-old man from China [9]. Other coinfection cases were reported in Spain, Italy, and the USA [9].…”

“…ACE2 is also expressed in many organs like the kidney, liver, and heart [8]. SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets which carry virus particles [9]. Many COVID-19 therapies are being clinically tested to evaluate their effectiveness and safety [10].…”

“…On the other hand, HIV is a member of RNA lentiviruses [9]. The principal receptor of HIV is CD4 receptor [6,9].…”

“…On the other hand, HIV is a member of RNA lentiviruses [9]. The principal receptor of HIV is CD4 receptor [6,9]. CD4 is expressed in different immune cells like CD4 + T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells [6].…”