SARS-CoV-2 and HIV: Epidemiology, Treatment, and Lessons Learned from HIV

Castel, Amanda D.; Wilbourn, Brittany; Magnus, Manya; Greenberg, Alan E.

doi:10.24875/aidsrev.20000070

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This holds true also for rheumatic conditions. The novel betacoronavirus infection does not seem to be more frequent or severe in patients with known systemic autoimmune diseases (not even in those who received rituximab) [21,22], in HIV-coinfection under antiretroviral treatment, or in primary immunodeficient patients [10,23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in the Context of Inborn Errors of Immunity: a Case Series of 31 Patients from Mexico

Castaño-Jaramillo¹,

Yamazaki‐Nakashimada²,

O’Farrill-Romanillos

et al. 2021

J Clin Immunol

126

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Highlights1. What is already known about this topic? SARS-CoV-2 causes asymptomatic or mild infection in about 80% of humans, while an excessive immune response has killed millions. Differential susceptibility and risk factors became a concern early in the pandemic. Several monogenic defects that involve innate viral sensors or affect interferon response pathways, as well as autoantibodies against type 1 interferons, have been identified in 14% of patients with life-threatening COVID-19. The impact of the novel betacoronavirus infection in patients with known inborn errors of immunity is less clear. Case series and reports from different countries have suggested a minor impact or even a potential protective effect of the IEI for some patients.2. What does this article add to our knowledge? We describe findings and outcomes of COVID-19 in 31 pediatric and adult patients with known IEI from Mexico, 84% of whom survived. Pediatric patients had a higher hospitalization rate. Inpatient mortality was 40%, and ICU mortality was 63%. Six patients died of secondary bacterial infection or uncontrolled systemic inflammation, but not from overwhelming viral infection. One patient with an autoinflammatory disorder under treatment with anakinra had a catastrophic clinical course. Eighty percent of patients received IVIG as part of their treatment for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.3. How does this study impact current management guidelines? We recommend continued and/or high-dose IVIG in patients with known IEI seeking care for COVID-19. Patients with autoinflammatory disorders, especially those with inflammasome dysregulation, should probably take extreme measures to prevent exposure, while doctors taking care of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with immune deficiencies must do everything they can to prevent secondary bacterial infections. The high survival of patients with COVID-19 in the context of inborn errors of immunity worldwide (over 80%) might be the result of patientphysician awareness and special care.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in the Context of Inborn Errors of Immunity: a Case Series of 31 Patients from Mexico

Castaño-Jaramillo¹,

Yamazaki‐Nakashimada²,

O’Farrill-Romanillos

et al. 2021

J Clin Immunol

126

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“…Despite remarkable progress in treating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the causative agents of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are still a serious treat worldwide and much needs to be done to achieve its eradication [ 55 ]. In the past few years ebselen was reported as a valuable anti-HIV compound because of its multiple activities.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebselen and Analogues: Pharmacological Properties and Synthetic Strategies for Their Preparation

2021

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Ebselen is the leader of selenorganic compounds, and starting from its identification as mimetic of the key antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, several papers have appeared in literature claiming its biological activities. It was the subject of several clinical trials and it is currently in clinical evaluation for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Given our interest in the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of selenorganic derivatives with this review, we aimed to collect all the papers focused on the biological evaluation of ebselen and its close analogues, covering the timeline between 2016 and most of 2021. Our analysis evidences that, even if it lacks specificity when tested in vitro, being able to bind to every reactive cysteine, it proved to be always well tolerated in vivo, exerting no sign of toxicity whatever the administered doses. Besides, looking at the literature, we realized that no review article dealing with the synthetic approaches for the construction of the benzo[d][1,2]-selenazol-3(2H)-one scaffold is available; thus, a section of the present review article is completely devoted to this specific topic.

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“…Also, continuous monitoring of the impact of the pandemic on this population is encouraged, so that it is possible to systematize evidence to support the reorganization of assisting services for PLWH. Regarding prevention services, the pandemic has challenged the functioning of HIV prevention services, such as free access to condoms and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and calls for innovative approaches going forward [78].…”

Section: Impact On Health Services Access To Diagnosis and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Co-infection: Epidemiological, Clinical Features, and Future Implications for Clinical Care and Public Health for People Living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV Most-at-Risk Groups

et al. 2021

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Purpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is using the currently available clinical and epidemiological data, to identify key aspects to improve both the clinical management and public health response with regard SARS-CoV-2/HIV co-infection among HIV vulnerable populations and people living with HIV (PLWH).Recent Findings While at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of robust information on SARS-CoV-2/HIV coinfection prevented to have a clear picture of the synergies between them, currently available data strongly supports the importance of common structural factors on both the acquisition and clinical impact of these infections and the relevance of age, co-morbidities, and HIV viral load as associated worse prognosis factors among PLWH. Summary Although more information is needed to better understand the biological, clinical, and epidemiological relationship between both infections, in the meanwhile, syndemic approaches to prevent SARS-CoV-2 among HIV higher risk groups and PLWH, targeting these population for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and protocolizing early identification of HIV + patients with worse COVID-19 prognosis factors, are crucial strategies to decrease the overall impact of SARS-CoV-2 /HIV coinfection.

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SARS-CoV-2 and HIV: Epidemiology, Treatment, and Lessons Learned from HIV

Cited by 14 publications

References 61 publications

COVID-19 in the Context of Inborn Errors of Immunity: a Case Series of 31 Patients from Mexico

COVID-19 in the Context of Inborn Errors of Immunity: a Case Series of 31 Patients from Mexico

Ebselen and Analogues: Pharmacological Properties and Synthetic Strategies for Their Preparation

HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Co-infection: Epidemiological, Clinical Features, and Future Implications for Clinical Care and Public Health for People Living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV Most-at-Risk Groups

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