SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Review Highlighting Its Evolution and Treatments

Zhang, Xirui; Yuan, Hao; Yang, Zipeng; Hu, Xiaoyu; Mahmmod, Yasser S.; Zhu, Xun; Zhao, Chen; Zhai, Jingbo; Zhang, Xiu‐Xiang; Luo, Sanzhong; Wang, Xiaohu; Xue, Mengzhou; Zheng, Chunfu; Yuan, Zihao

doi:10.3390/vaccines10122145

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…SARS-CoV-2 is the causative virus of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), and SARS-CoV-1 is the causative virus of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was first reported in 2002–2003 and spread throughout the world [ 18 , 19 ]. Bats are natural hosts, and humans are infected through contact with infected bats or other animals infected by bats.…”

Section: Classification Of Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Matsuzaka

Yashiro

2023

Vaccines

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Messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccines are mainly used as SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Despite several issues concerning storage, stability, effective period, and side effects, viral vector vaccines are widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Recently, viral vector-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been suggested as useful tools, owing to their safety and ability to escape from neutral antibodies. Herein, we summarize the possible cellular mechanisms underlying EV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

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Section: Classification Of Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Matsuzaka

Yashiro

2023

Vaccines

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“…Cytokine storm represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( 2 ). To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has accounted for nearly 7 million deaths globally, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ( 3 – 5 ). However, therapeutics that are effective against cytokine storm to treat lethal COVID-19 are still urgently needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helminth alleviates COVID-19-related cytokine storm in an IL-9-dependent way

Cao,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

mBio

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Hyperactivation of pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and interferon gamma [IFN-γ]) mirrors the inflammation of coronavirus disease 2019. Helminths could alleviate excessive immune responses. Here, helminth Trichinella spiralis (Ts) infection was shown to protect against TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced shock. Mechanistically, Ts-induced protection was interleukin-9 (IL-9) dependent but not IL-4Rα. Recombinant IL-9 treatment not only improved the survival of wild-type mice with TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced shock but also that of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected K18-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) mice, emphasizing the significance of IL-9 in alleviating cytokine storm syndromes during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, Ts excretory/secretory (TsES)-induced protection was also observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that identifying anti-inflammatory molecules from TsES could be a novel way to mitigate adverse pathological inflammation during pathogen infection. IMPORTANCE Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is linked to cytokine storm triggered by type 1 pro-inflammatory immune responses. TNF-α and IFN-γ shock mirrors cytokine storm syndromes, including COVID-19. Helminths (e.g., Trichinella spiralis , Ts) can potently activate anti-inflammatory type 2 immune response. Here, we found that helminth Ts-induced protection against TNF-α and IFN-γ shock was IL-9 dependent. Treatment with recombinant IL-9 could protect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in K18-hACE2 mice. Helminth Ts excretory/secretory (TsES) products also ameliorated SARS-CoV-2 infection-related cytokine storm. In conclusion, our study emphasizes the significance of IL-9 in protecting from cytokine storm syndromes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anti-inflammatory molecules from TsES could be a new source to mitigate adverse pathological inflammation associated with infections, including COVID-19.

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“…According to the declaration by World Health Organization (WHO), the coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. [1][2][3][4][5] Clustered transmissions are an important transmission route of COVID-19. A cluster is defined as two or more cases associated with the same location, group or event around the same time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transmission pattern and clinical course of the first 417 patients with COVID-19 infection in Shenzhen, China

Zheng,

Deng,

Huang

et al. 2023

J Int Med Res

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Objective To explore the transmission patterns and clinical course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 as clustered and non-clustered cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Shenzhen, China. Methods This retrospective study included the patients that were confirmed by laboratory detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Shenzen between 19 January 2020 and 21 February 2020. Data on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics were analysed. The patients were divided into non-clustered and clustered groups. The time course, intervals between first and second COVID-19 cases and other transmission patterns were compared between the groups. Results The 417 patients were divided into clustered ( n = 235) and non-clustered groups ( n = 182). Compared with the non-clustered group, the clustered group had significantly more young (≤20 years) and old (>60 years) patients. The clustered group had significantly more severe cases (nine of 235; 3.83%) compared with the non-clustered group (three of 182; 1.65%). Patients with severe disease spent 4–5 more days of hospitalization than patients with moderate and mild disease. Conclusion This retrospective study analysed the transmission patterns and clinical course of the first wave of COVID-19 infection in Shenzhen, China.

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SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Review Highlighting Its Evolution and Treatments

Cited by 7 publications

References 131 publications

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Helminth alleviates COVID-19-related cytokine storm in an IL-9-dependent way

The transmission pattern and clinical course of the first 417 patients with COVID-19 infection in Shenzhen, China

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