SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission: a review of risk factors and possible preventative measures using air purifiers

Sheraz, Mahshab; Mir, Kaleem Anwar; Anus, Ali; Le, Van Cam Thi; Kim, Seungdo; Nguyen, Van Quyet; Lee, William R.

doi:10.1039/d2em00333c

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(152 reference statements)

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“…The time of contact with COVID-19 patients is also important. SARS-CoV-2 is more contagious in indoor environments where particulate matter is suspended for extended durations [ 25 ]. Longer residence time in such an environment may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 to invade the lower respiratory tract [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection rate among close contacts of patients with coronavirus disease in Japan: a descriptive study and literature review

Yamamura,

Onishi,

Sakamaki

et al. 2023

Asian Biomedicine

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Background In Japan, on April 20, 2020, the definition of a close contact regarding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was changed from a long-term contact time to a specified contact time of 15 min and from a contact distance of 2 m to 1 m. Objectives We aimed to determine the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rate among close contacts of patients with COVID-19 and determine the impact of the infection on transmission among close contacts. Methods The numbers of SARS-CoV-2 tests, SARS-CoV-2-positive cases, and close contacts of patients with COVID-19 were assessed between March 2020 and February 2021 in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The study period was subdivided into 3 periods. The second and third period contained data with the changed definition of close contact. Results Overall, 32,238 SARS-CoV-2 tests were performed. There were 545 patients with COVID-19 and 1487 close contacts, of whom 267 tested positive. The highest infection rate occurred in period 3. Distance, protective measures, and contact time with COVID-19 patients influenced the increased infection rate. The infection rate showed a rising trend from 11.1% in period 1 to 19.2% and 20.0% in periods 2 and 3, respectively (Cochran–Armitage test; P < 0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed that female sex was an independent risk factor for infection of close contacts (odds ratio: 2.23; 95% confidence interval: 1.700–2.930). Conclusions Female sex is a risk factor for transmission by close contacts. The rate of infection among close contacts may be associated with contact time, contact distance, and protective measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection rate among close contacts of patients with coronavirus disease in Japan: a descriptive study and literature review

Yamamura,

Onishi,

Sakamaki

et al. 2023

Asian Biomedicine

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“…The indoor air cleaning set-ups have been designed and installed in offices, corporate spaces, and urban houses in Pakistan. The installation of air cleaning units can reduce the indoor dust pollution, VOC, and PM, which enhance the worker's productivity [189,190]. There has been an increasing need to educate the public regarding indoor pollution and installing air monitoring units in Pakistan [191,192].…”

Section: Indoor Air Quality Management and Challenges On Monitoring/r...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Indoor Air Pollution in Pakistan—Causes and Management

et al. 2023

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This state-of-the-art review is designed to provide a factual analysis of indoor air pollution in Pakistan. Primarily, the main sources of indoor air pollution and related air pollutants were analyzed. Key sources of indoor air pollution include household energy sources (biomass, wood, coal, tobacco, and low temperatures) producing particulate matter (PM), dust particles, smoke, COx, noxious gases, bioaerosols, airborne microflora, and flame retardants. According to the literature, rural regions of Pakistan using biomass indoor fuels have a high indoor PM concentration in the range of 4000–9000 μg/m3. In rural/urban regions, indoor smoking also leads to high PM2.5 levels of ~1800 μg/m3, which can cause pulmonary infections. In hospitals, PM concentrations were detected up to 1000 μg/m3, causing repeated infections in patients. Indoor ingestion of dust containing polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations was observed at high levels (~8.79–34.39 ng/g) in cities; this can cause serious health effects such as cancer risks and a loss of working productivity. Moreover, indoor microflora and bacteria (~10,000–15,000 cfu m−3) in urban/rural regions cause respiratory/cancer risks. In this context, indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring and management strategies have been somewhat developed; however, their implementation in Pakistan’s rural/urban indoor environments is still needed. Various challenges were identified for monitoring/regulating IAQ. There is a firm need for industry–academia–research cooperation and for the involvement of government/agencies to support indoor air pollution control/management and for intervention strategies.

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“…Similarly, aircleaning devices have an important role in controlling the spread of airborne contaminants particularly where it is difficult to increase airflow rates or change the air distribution method. Conducted studies [35][36][37][38][39] have verified the usefulness of several air-cleaning methods, such as high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), and photocatalytic oxidation, in reducing the number of airborne pathogens and pollutants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study on the Efficacy of Local Exhaust Systems for the Mitigation of Exhaled Contaminants in a Meeting Room

Ejaz,

Kilpeläinen,

Mustakallio

et al. 2024

Buildings

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In industrial applications, local exhaust systems have been used extensively for capturing and confining contaminants at their source. The present study investigates the efficacy of these systems in mitigating the spread of exhaled pollutants by combining them with mixing and displacement ventilation. Experiments were conducted in a simulated meeting room with six closely situated workstations, featuring five exposed persons (simulated with heated dummies) and one infected person (simulated with a breathing manikin). Six overhead local exhaust units, merged with panels, corresponding to workstations, were installed using a lowered false ceiling. Additionally, a table plenum setting for air inlets was introduced to enhance displacement ventilation effectiveness along with local exhaust systems. Results from 16 experimental cases are presented, using the local air quality index and ventilation effectiveness in the breathing zone. The local exhaust system improved the local air quality at the measuring locations closest to the infector in almost all test scenarios. The improvement, particularly significant with displacement ventilation, marked a maximum 35% increase in the local air quality index adjacent to the infector and 25% in the entire breathing zone of the tested meeting room. Moreover, the table plenum settings, coupled with displacement ventilation, further enhanced conditions in the breathing zone. Under the specific conditions of this investigation, the number of operational local exhausts had a marginal impact on mixing ventilation but a significant one on displacement ventilation tests. The efficacy of local exhaust systems was also influenced by the levels of heat gains present in the room. Overall, the study aims to contribute to ongoing efforts to identify sustainable solutions to mitigate indoor airborne diseases with a combination of supply and local exhaust units.

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SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission: a review of risk factors and possible preventative measures using air purifiers

Abstract: This critical review presents the best remedy to protect human health by efficient materials-based air filters that can be used to air-purify and kill the dangerous SARS-CoV-2 virus and remove the other air pollutants.

Cited by 4 publications

References 130 publications

Infection rate among close contacts of patients with coronavirus disease in Japan: a descriptive study and literature review

Infection rate among close contacts of patients with coronavirus disease in Japan: a descriptive study and literature review

Impact of Indoor Air Pollution in Pakistan—Causes and Management

An Experimental Study on the Efficacy of Local Exhaust Systems for the Mitigation of Exhaled Contaminants in a Meeting Room

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